Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System

NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NG – T-1.3

IMPLIMENTING A PROCESS BASED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

VIENNA, 2013

p.; 24 cm. — (Nuclear Energy Series Guide, ISSN 1080–745x; no. xx)

STI/PUB/167x

ISBN 92–0–111107–x

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Nuclear facilities — Management.

2. MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS management — Standards.

3. Radiation — Safety measures. I. International Atomic Energy Agency.

II. Series: Safety standards series, GS-R-3, GS-G-3.1, GS-G-3.5; Safety reports series, No. 22 (IAEA GS-R-3 vs. ISO 9001:2000), No. xx (IAEA GS-R-3 vs. ISO 9001:2008), No. xy (IAEA GS-R-3 vs. ASME NQA-1-2008)

IAEAL

02–0077x

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FOREWORD

One of the IAEA’s statutory objectives is to "seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". One way this objective is achieved is through the publication of a range of technical series. Two of these are the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series and the IAEA Safety Standards Series.

According to Article III, A.6, of the IAEA’s Statute, safety standards establish "standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property." The safety standards include the Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements, and Safety Guides. These standards are written primarily in a regulatory style, and are binding on the IAEA for its own programmes. The principal users are Member State regulatory bodies and other national authorities.

The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises reports designed to encourage and assist R&D on, and practical application of, nuclear energy for peaceful uses. This includes practical examples to be used by owners and operators of utilities, implementing organizations, academia, and government officials in Member States, among others. This information is presented in guides, reports on technology status and advances, and best practices for peaceful uses of nuclear energy based on inputs from international experts. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series complements the IAEA Safety Standards Series.

IAEA Safety Standards reflect an international consensus on what constitutes a high level of safety for protecting people and the environment. Safety Requirements are one of the categories of IAEA Safety Standards. They establish the requirements that must be met to ensure the protection of people and the environment, both now and in the future. The requirements, which are expressed as ’shall’ statements, are governed by the objectives, concepts and principles of the Safety Fundamentals. The Safety Requirements use regulatory language to enable them to be incorporated into national laws and regulations. The IAEA Safety Guides give guidance how the requirements can be met.

In addition to the safety requirements and safety guides, the IAEA also produces a wide range of technical publications and reports to help Member States in developing national infrastructure and associated standards. The technical report series provides international best practices in the application of the IAEA Safety Standards series. These publications use permissive rather than regulatory language, as they are intended to provide examples. They are not intended to be incorporated into national laws or regulations. The guidance provided is based on expert judgement: they do not stem from a consensus of IAEA Member States. The guidance provided does not relieve the users of their responsibilities to comply with the requirements of the standards. The IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-R-3 defines the requirements for establishing, implementing, assessing and continually improving a management system that integrates safety, health, environmental, security, quality, and economic elements. The safety guides GS-G-3.1 through GS-G-3.5 provide guidance on how the requirements of GS-R-3 can be met for the different installations and activities.

A management system designed to fulfil the requirements of GS-R-3 treats work as a set of processes that meet these integrated requirements. Implementing such a management system requires management commitment and leadership. This publication provides information to help both emerging nuclear organizations and mature organizations wishing to make the transition from a QA/QC based management system to one that meets the latest IAEA requirements and guidance on management systems for nuclear facilities and activities.

The IAEA wishes to thank and acknowledge the efforts and valuable assistance of the contributors to this publication, who are listed at the end of this publication, for their contribution to the development of this publication. The IAEA also wishes to thank the organizations of the contributors for permission to include the practical examples provided in this report. The Scientific Secretaries responsible for the preparation of this publication was J.P. Boogaard of the Division of Nuclear Power.

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CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

Background

The IAEA has established, in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-R-3 [1], requirements for establishing, implementing, assessing and continually improving a management system that integrates safety, health, environmental, security, quality, and economic elements. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-G-3.1 [2], GS-G-3.5 [3] and similar IAEA Safety Guides specific to technical areas provide guidance on how to fulfil the requirements specified in IAEA GS-R-3.

GS-R-3 defines requirements for establishing, implementing, assessing and continually improving a management system that integrates safety, health, environmental, security, quality and economic elements to ensure that safety is properly taken into account in all the activities of an organization. Such a management system is often referred to as an integrated management system. The management system approach identified in the IAEA standards and guides also requires increased attention to processes in the context of a functional organization. This can be challenging for many organizations accustomed to traditional, non-integrated, non-process based approaches to management systems.

For Member States with quality assurance/quality control systems, establishing such a process based management system involves a transition from programmes or systems based on quality assurance or quality management standards. Consequently users of IAEA Quality Assurance Code and Guides Q1-Q14 [4], ISO 9001 standard [5], or ASME-NQA-1-2008 and related addenda [6] on quality management often find it challenging to implement the latest IAEA standards on management systems. In addition to the challenges associated with conceptual and scope shifts, organizations may be concerned that the adoption of a management system based on GS-R-3 may result in the loss of certifications or qualifications under specific management system standards. This arises largely from a misunderstanding of the latest IAEA requirements for management systems, and what the transition to a process based management systems and meeting the new requirements actually entails.

A process based management system enhances traditional quality programmes, and when properly implemented, enables the organization to satisfy external agencies/registrars for certification of management systems such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001 [7], OHSAS 18001 [8], and regulatory acceptance of security and safeguards programmes. It also assures knowledge retention and the retention of all important aspects of existing programmes. As part of, and to facilitate implementation, organizations can develop maps, descriptions and other documents demonstrating how the certified quality assurance and quality management programmes are addressed in the process based management system documents such as the latest guidance comparing IAEA GS-R-3 requirements with ISO 9001 [9], or comparing IAEA GS-R-3 requirements with ASME NQA-1 [10] may be used to help create such maps or documents.

A vendor-provided "management system" delivered with a nuclear power plant to ensure safe operation is often a typical quality management system for operations and maintenance, which to a certain extent may integrate aspects related to safety and environmental protection. GS-R-3, however, requires the organization to identify processes of the management system needed to achieve the goals, meet all requirements, and deliver the products of the organization. Furthermore, such processes must be planned, implemented, assessed and continually improved. This means that a management system conforming to GS-R-3 [Ref. 1] must be tailored to meet the objectives and requirements of the organization and specifics of applicable licenses. As a consequence a quality assurance (management) system needs to undergo a transition as indicated earlier.The guidance provided in this publication has to be used in conjunction with IAEA guidance on continual improvement [11] and on Managing Organizational Change In Nuclear Organizations [12]. This publication contains information on how to make the transition from a quality management system to one aligned with IAEA requirements for management systems, thereby providing Member States and organizations wishing to adopt the new standards with guidance that reduces resistance to, and facilitates, such an undertaking. The guidance will enable Member States and organizations to introduce, apply, and meet, the new requirements in a planned and systematic manner, without losing any gains in safety performance or operational efficiency and effectiveness derived from their existing quality management systems.

The publication focuses on the steps an organization can take to implement or make the transition from quality assurance (QA) and quality management (QM) to a management system meeting IAEA GS-R-3 requirements, including:

• Understanding the major differences and similarities between QA/QM systems and management systems;
• Setting policies, goals and objectives and preparing the organization to implement a process based management system;
• Developing strategies and options, and engaging stakeholders;
• Developing detailed plans for implementation;
• Making the transition;
• Assessing the effectiveness of implementation, learning lessons, sustaining the change and continually improving.

Objective

The objective of this Nuclear Energy (NE) Series Report is to provide good practice, practical examples, and methods that can be used to help organizations implement a process based management system as defined by IAEA Safety Standards GS-R-3.

Scope

This publication provides guidance on implementing a process based management system to all life cycle stages of nuclear facilities and activities, including siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning. As such it can be applied to organizations implementing a management system for the first time, as well as to organizations wishing to make the transition from legacy management systems such as those based on quality assurance (QA) and quality management (QM) approaches.

Users

The publication will be of interest to organizations wishing to develop a process based management systems that comply with IAEA requirements and guidance on management systems, either on a voluntary basis, or as a requirement specified by a regulatory body. Thus, this publication is intended for:

• Operators of nuclear facilities and activities who are either legally obliged, or choose as best practice, to implement the requirements of IAEA GS-R-3;
• Suppliers of products or services that are required to be produced in accordance with the requirements of IAEA GS-R-3;
• Regulatory bodies that wish to use this document as guidance for their licensees;
• Regulatory bodies that wish to meet the requirements of IAEA GS-R-3 in their own management systems.

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Implementation Process

Implementation of a process based management system is an implementation of change and can be done in various ways, however, experience has demonstrated that the adoption of a structured approach provides the best guarantee of success, efficiency and long term sustainability. Implementation may involve either the creation of a new system (embarking countries or organizations) or transition from a mature QA/QC system into a process based management system. In either case the process to be followed is the same, even in the case of embarking countries where the detailed operating procedures (operation, maintenance, radiation protection, surveillance requirements, etc.) are delivered by the vendor as part of the installation.

The preferred approach is to manage the implementation effort as a project with a project manager and supporting staff (development team) as needed. The size and complexity of the effort to establish a process based management system or to transition an organization from its current-state management system, is proportionate to:

• the identified gap between the current state of the management system and the intended outcome after implementation;
• the type, size, and complexity of the organization.

An organization has to assess its individual situation and, using a graded approach, scale the requirements and activities to manage the development and implementation in accordance with its needs.

The elements to be considered in the graded approach are:

• A senior management decision to implement a process based management system, and allocate required resources for that effort, may be based on a documented implementation proposal (business case) weighing the resources (i.e. costs) versus expected benefits. However, there may be situations in which a decision has been imposed on an organization by a regulatory body, corporate body, client, or stakeholder. This may void the need for preparing an implementation proposal or simplify its content. (See the Glossary for a definition of the term ’implementation proposal’ and other terms used in this section).
• If an implementation proposal is prepared, the typical size of such a document is usually a few pages. The complexity of the content depends on the size of the organization and the decision-making process used by senior management.
• Following approval of the implementation proposal, a project charter authorizing the execution of a project is often formally issued. This is usually the case in an organization that has a structured project management process in place. In an organization that does not have a structured project management process the function of the project charter may be carried out by a memorandum or other communication vehicle, or may be included as an item on the organization’s business plan and assigned to a responsible individual.
• The specific project implementation plan supporting the project charter should be documented. Organizations that already have a defined project management process generally deploy that process and the available project plan templates. The project management process typically scales the plan to the size and complexity of the implementation. If an organization does not have a defined project management process, the project manager should scale the plan to the size and complexity of the implementation in consultancy with the senior manager. Typically, for a smaller project, the project plan will be less elaborate than for a large scope project implemented by a large team, sometimes operating across multiple sites.

Besides a graded approach for the transition project itself, the application of the management system requirements also has to be graded as required by Ref. [1] to ensure appropriate application of resources and controls. The following considerations apply to grading of the application of the management system requirements:

• The significance for safety, health, environmental, security, quality, and economic aspects and complexity of each product, item, system, structure or component, service, activity, or controls;
• The hazards and the magnitude of the potential impact (risks) associated with the safety, health, environmental, security, quality and economic aspects of each product, service, activity, or controls;
• The possible consequences if an item, system, structure or component fails or an activity is carried out incorrectly.

Detailed guidance in grading the application of management system requirements is provided in Ref. [13]. A sample template of a project charter is presented in Annex 1.

The implementation process can be broken down into three main activities:

• Evaluating the business need and preparing the implementation proposal;
• Managing the development and implementation, and
• Implementing the processes.

Fig. 1 shows the implementation process identifying the key inputs, outputs and responsibilities at each stage. The symbols used in the flowchart are presented in the Glossary. The person responsible for an action is printed in bold in the flowcharts used in this document. For each step in the process, responsibilities have been identified.

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 10.png

FIG. 1. Example of an implementation process.

Although Fig. 1 and other flowcharts in this publication are provided for guidance, the actual activities and sequence will depend on the specific circumstances of each organization. Details associated with Fig. 1 are described in the following sections. .

Evaluate business needs and define requirements

Understand Business Needs

Before an organization begins the implementation of a process based management system, it needs to have a full understanding of the mission and objectives of the organization, its current management system status, and a clear vision of what will be accomplished at the end of the implementation.

The implementation of a process based management system requires a strong commitment by senior management and all management levels of the organization. Since management and staff willingness and capacity to implement the system are important, it is a good practice to assess organizational readiness for the proposed changes. For success, the commitment of the majority of the staff should be solicited before the implementation begins. First the organization should consider its current management system status. It is recognized that most organizations that already have a quality management system have also integrated into that system, to a certain extent, aspects related to safety, health, environment, security, quality, and economics. The extent of integration should be identified to make a correct assessment for establishing the implementation scope, resources, timeline, etc. Annex 2 shows a ’Process Maturity Assessment Table’ which may be used to assess the status of an organization’s system, and facilitate the development of an implementation plan.

The implementation of a process based management system creates an opportunity for the improvement of organizational performance and enhancement of safety, health, environmental, security, quality, and economic aspects. The decision to start the implementation of a process based management system can be a result of:

• Organizational improvement initiatives resulting from performance assessments and continual improvement activities illustrated in Fig. 2, that may include:
• Benchmarking – where the organization has identified the opportunity for improving its performance to align with industry best practices. Some guidance on benchmarking is provided in Annex 3;
• Management review – where the organization’s senior management has reviewed the effectiveness of the existing management system and identified a need to change to a process based management system;
• Stakeholders’ feedback – where feedback shows the need to increase the organization’s performance and transparency of its activities.
• A regulatory requirement – resulting from an alignment of national regulations to IAEA GS-R-3 [Ref. 1]. In this case the requirement is viewed as a licensing requirement to be respected by the organization;
• Corporate requirement – in order to align with corporate and legal requirements related to safety, health, environmental, security, quality, economic, and other objectives.

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 11.png

FIG. 2. Identifying and acting on opportunities for improvement.

For organizations with corporate stakeholders, especially those who build or operate nuclear plants with already established systems, it is important that the implementation aligns with the corporate policies and strategic development and implementation plans. The development and implementation plan should include the training of staff with a focus on their role in the change/implementation process, and the application of the new management system to their duties. Corporate offices are a key stakeholder, as they normally determine resource allocation and provide policies that govern the organization. For a new owner/operator it is important to first develop clear corporate policies, objectives, and a strategic development and implementation plan.

Understand the Management System Requirements

To implement an effective process based management system, the organization should have a clear understanding of what requirements it has to meet as an input for the management system processes, procedures and instructions. These requirements from the various stakeholders include safety, health, environment, security, quality, economics, and various other requirements an organization needs to take into account in order to conduct its business. The requirements should be integrated with a prime focus on safety.

The requirements which have to be met are defined by the stakeholders of an organization.

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Fig. 3 shows stakeholders as the source of requirements, their relationship and integration into the management system. Requirements related to safety, health, environment, security, quality, and economics take priority over other stakeholders’ requirements.

FIG. 3. Sources of requirements for a process based management system.

Fig. 4 presents another illustration of the integration of requirements in a coherent manner with an emphasis on safety. In this illustration, safety considerations are linked to all other considerations to achieve the ultimate goal of nuclear safety.

FIG. 4. Integration of requirements in a coherent manner with the emphasis on safety.

The organization should consider and understand the overall requirements from various external and internal sources. These requirements may be applied in a graded approach. Detailed guidance on the application of a graded approach to meet the requirements is given in Ref. [13].

Understanding management system requirements means not only understanding the language or letter of a requirement, but also how the organization is expected to comply with the requirement. Hence, the organization should consult with relevant regulatory, corporate/organizational and other relevant authorities and stakeholders to seek clarification of the requirements and to determine or clarify expectations for satisfying these requirements.

Once a common understanding of the requirements and compliance criteria or expectations has been established, the organization should establish a common vocabulary or terminology for communicating requirements and compliance expectations internally and externally. A separate document presenting all the requirements in a logical way, including the applicability of the requirements is often beneficial, not only during the development of the process based management system, but also for the staff and for discussions with the regulatory body. If the process based management system is being developed in the framework of an NPP project it is advisable that the requirements relevant for the siting, design, manufacturing, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of the NPP be sent to the regulatory body for review and approval where required.

Understand the Current Situation

Before an organization can develop an effective strategy for the implementation of a process based management system, it needs to have a realistic understanding of its starting point or current situation. It should also have a firm understanding of the organization’s business and the impact of the new management system on it. Such understanding is acquired only through detailed analysis and broad consultation.

For the effective implementation of a process based management system, stakeholders should have a clear understanding of the requirements the system has to meet and what treating them in an integrated manner with a strong safety focus entails. As the project evolves, this will require the development team to assess, and provide training and orientation as necessary, to align stakeholders’ understanding of the organization and the requirements and compliance expectations.

Develop a Concept of the Desired Operation of the Future Organization

Based on an understanding of the current state and the process based management system requirements and compliance expectations, senior management needs to paint a picture of what the organization might look like and how it will operate under the new management system. Appendix 1 provides some standard elements useful for the development of a management system. There needs to be a clear vision and high-level understanding of what needs to be accomplished to achieve the desired end-state.

Senior management should review the mission, vision, values, goals and policies of the organization as input to the management system. It is also important to consult with both internal and external (including future) stakeholders to identify, clarify and confirm their needs and understanding of the requirements and compliance expectations, and align all parties as necessary.

Once a common understanding of the requirements and compliance criteria or expectations has been established, the organization should establish a common vocabulary or terminology for communicating the requirements and compliance expectations internally and externally. The organization should also set a firm, commonly understood, and agreed upon, foundation for determining the direction and scope of the implementation and any related organizational changes.

Once the current state and desired future state are known, it is possible to analyse existing processes in terms of potential for optimization in order to enhance effectiveness and control. This can be achieved by performing a gap analysis to identify, for example:

• Missing, redundant, overlapping, orphan, or obsolete processes;
• Processes that do not fully comply with requirements;
• Processes that are currently in use but have operational or regulatory compliance risks (i.e. processes that are currently known to be ineffective or inefficient);
• The maturity of existing processes and supporting documentation;
• Differences in working styles of different organizational units or groups;
• The need to develop or improve the process for managing organizational change.

After the gap analysis has been performed and detailed insights are available, the development team can determine what has to be developed or modified. Several approaches can be used. Normally the top level processes and related supporting documents such as input requirements, checklists, and templates for output documents are defined first and a development and implementation plan is defined and executed.

Although some organizations start to develop and implement the second level documents (specific procedures and instructions) when the top level documents are implemented, most organizations develop the second level documents concurrently with the top level process. In this situation the top level process, the related supporting documents, and the related product-specific documents are implemented at the same time. This approach has the advantage that each process can be implemented throughout the organization in a fully completed state.

To ensure that the implementation of the management system will be successful and sustainable, the basic principles of managing organizational change should be applied. The introduction of a management system will not necessarily mean a complete reorganization, but will typically introduce more logical and efficient working practices and result in some changes in responsibilities.

If the implementation also requires a reorganization of departments, all the aspects of managing organizational change should be applied. In this situation the implementation may take longer and have a bigger impact on the organization with greater potential for resistance to the change. In this situation the scope should be expanded to engage or involve experts on organizational issues to help manage the implementation and organizational change. Detailed guidance for this process is provided in Ref. [12]. Implementation of the organizational change should be planned, controlled, communicated, monitored, tracked and recorded. There are at least two key success factors that enable an effective and successful implementation, and sustainable organizational change:

1. The cultivation and maintenance of a strong safety culture throughout the implementation of the change to ensure that safety is not compromised.

2. Flexibility to accommodate reporting relationships that will work within the context of the organization’s culture during and after the implementation.

The development team and senior management need to understand which factors may challenge the successful implementation within their organization and take appropriate measures to avoid or mitigate them. Annex 4 addresses some risk management aspects related to the implementation of process based management systems.

Additional Considerations for Embarking Countries

This section addresses the needs of embarking nuclear nations and especially the licence holders/operators (industry) who are involved in introducing a nuclear power programme to their country or region. To ensure timely development of the nuclear power project, and to ensure safe operation, all the aspects of safety, health, environment, security, quality, and economics have to be integrated in the management system as required by GS-R-3 [Ref. 1]. The integration of all these elements is essential as early as the start of the project from siting, through construction and commissioning, to ensure that all activities will be carried out safely within the national and international requirements. In the case of embarking nuclear nations, as part of establishing a process based management system, some consideration may first have to be given to establishing the overall framework or management system infrastructure in which to incorporate a process based approach. This section addresses some of these additional considerations.

Any organization whose country has decided to embark on a nuclear power programme and has engaged third parties to support this activity has already given consideration to the quality assurance requirements necessary to ensure confidence that the structures, systems and components will perform satisfactorily in service. This can form the basis of an effective process based management system. The perception that implementing a process based management system may be at the expense of good quality assurance is a misunderstanding that should be addressed by the leadership of nuclear organizations, their suppliers, and regulators, as part of the implementation process. The development of a process based management system is an evolution from a quality management system as described earlier, and any investment already made in defining quality requirements is preserved and will benefit the development of a process based management system. A process based management system framework enhances the confidence in achieving all required results by considering and managing aspects such as safety, health, environment, security, economics and safety culture, in addition to quality.

• Language and translation

The language of the embarking nation is in most cases different from the language of the contractor. This can cause misunderstanding and introduce risk and confusion during the life cycle of the project. Although regulatory requirements are typically written in the native language of the embarking nation, many requirements, standards, and codes are in English as is the case when IAEA and WANO assistance is requested.

Translation of the requirements of codes and standards into a language familiar to both the embarking country and the contractor is to be considered for the contract.

It has been shown that all safety, health, environment, security, quality, and economic requirements have to be considered in an integral way to avoid a negative impact on safety. In addition, integration of requirements already incorporated in the design, manufacturing and construction will bring economic benefits and more efficient operation. Furthermore, operational experience has shown that process based management systems have clearly defined responsibilities, accountabilities and interfaces, which foster safety culture and well-defined safe working practices. These aspects will be especially beneficial when both the main contractor and the future owner/operator develop a management system that will clearly define the responsibilities of both organizations and the interfaces between them.

The language of the management system should be in both the native language of the embarking country and English where appropriate and where the law permits. It must be clearly stated which language has preference in the event of inconsistencies.

One of the challenges of using the native language of an embarking nuclear nation is that in some cases the technical vocabulary related to requirements of the nuclear industry is lacking. In such cases English may be preferred. Additional training focussed on the vocabulary used in the foreign language documents may be required to ensure clear understanding by key staff, particularly if the foreign language is used in contracts, tenders, and standards. A good practice is to use the native language of the contracting nation as the binding language of the contract, putting the onus on the tenderer to ensure the requirements are translated and understood.

• Documents (instructions and manuals)

References 2 and 3 provide guidance on documenting management systems. In addition IAEA TECDOC 1058 [14] provides more detailed guidance on good practices related to preparing procedures within the nuclear industry. Although many good practices and examples of well-designed procedures are available through operating experience exchange and benchmarking, a key factor is to ensure that procedures are designed using modern human factors practices, i.e. that the procedure is easy to use and designed in a manner that minimizes the chances of human error. Some organizations use technical writers trained in procedural design to assist and guide technical subject matter experts in the preparation of procedures.

• Cultural aspects

IAEA Safety Series Report 74 [15] provides specific guidance to embarking countries on implementing a strong safety culture starting with the pre-operational phases. In particular, Ref. [15] addresses the importance of the management system in enabling safety culture and discusses various challenges that typically face embarking countries, including:

• Understanding the significance of nuclear safety and safety culture;
• Managing the complexities arising from multicultural and multinational elements;
• Developing leadership competencies for safety;
• Developing management system processes to support the safety culture;
• Promoting learning and feedback;
• Performing cultural assessments and encouraging continuous improvement;
• Strengthening communication and interfaces.

Although management systems require individuals at all levels of the organization to comply with established processes and procedures (a "compliance culture"), experience within the nuclear industry shows that a healthy safety culture does not force blind compliance to rules through rigid hierarchical systems of authority but encourages open communication, a questioning attitude, mutual respect, and high levels of team and interdisciplinary engagement. The increasingly multinational and multicultural nature of the nuclear industry means that all countries are encouraged to develop a common understanding, terminology, and "language" for safety culture.

• Regulations of the contractor country

Requirements may be different in the contractor country compared with the embarking country (e.g. requirements for environmental assessments). In cases where the embarking country has not yet established an equivalent system of requirements, it may have to rely on the requirements of the contractor country, or specify internationally accepted standards in contracts. In such cases it is desirable to translate such requirements into the language of the embarking country or, where this is impractical, to ensure that a sufficient number of staff within the embarking country are fluent in the source language of the requirements.

Prepare an IMPLEMENTATION PROPOSAL and Strategy

Implementing a process based management system requires dedication and deployment of resources (financial, human, time, etc.). Senior management should understand the benefits and the costs of the implementation when making the decision.

Senior management should appoint a project manager or a change agent who can assess the situation, initiate the implementation efforts though preparation of an implementation proposal (or business case), and lead the development. The change agent also manages the implementation and related organizational changes. The change agent should have a broad understanding of the organization’s business and possess skills in managing organizational change.

The implementation proposal should convince senior management of the benefits of a process based management system. These benefits include:

• Supporting a strong safety culture;
• Identification of the organization’s core, management, and support processes, including sequence, interactions, ownership and accountability;
• Addressing any requirements, needs and expectations;
• Improved understanding of the goals, strategies, plans and objectives of the organization and transparency on how the organization does its work;
• Transparency in responsibilities of various organizational departments and interactions between departments;
• Better identification and management of risk;
• Improved standardization in performing work activities;
• Improved ability in monitoring and measuring organizational performance;
• Optimized use of resources and reduced costs;
• Optimized management system documentation in a structure that avoids duplication, overlap and gaps: all supporting documentation can be identified and referenced from a process;
• Enhanced communication between employees, customers and stakeholders;
• Enhanced employee, customer and stakeholder satisfaction;
• Enhanced safety performance through planning, control and supervision.

Inputs

Prior to starting the preparation of the implementation proposal the change agent should assemble the required input information.

The inputs to the implementation proposal are:

• The vision, mission, values, objectives;
• The critical success factors for the organization;
• Relevant laws, regulations, requirements, management system standards, technical codes and standards;
• Expectations of stakeholders and the internal organization;
• General assessment of the current management system (or QA system) status;
• Assessment of available resources (e.g. human, financial, IT infrastructure);
• Assessment of the organization’s competency and knowledge related to the development and implementation of a process based management system.

Preparation of the implementation proposal

The change agent prepares the implementation proposal. The purpose of the implementation proposal is to provide a basis for senior management to make knowledgeable decisions regarding the development and implementation.

The implementation proposal should be described in a concise document (typically a few pages), preceded by an executive summary. The executive summary should include a statement of what senior management is being asked to approve.

The document content should answer in an informed way the key questions senior management may have when making its decision:

• Why is this needed?
• What will the benefits be?
• What will the cost be?
• What risks to safety and organizational operations might the implementation reduce or cause?

To prepare the implementation proposal the change agent should consider the following:

• the overall development and implementation strategy;
• the scope and realistic timeline of the implementation;
• a brief outline of what the implemented process based management system will look like, and a comparison to the current state;
• the overall benefits to the organization;
• a preliminary estimate of overall costs and resources needed;
• the identification of potential risks to safety and organizational functioning from failure to implement a process based management system;
• the identification of potential unintended risks to safety and organizational functioning resulting from implementation.

Management Approval and Endorsement

When senior management approves the implementation proposal, it should appoint a sponsor, normally a member of the senior management team, who is responsible for overseeing and advising the project manager and resolving issues which lie beyond the responsibilities of the project manager. The project manager is responsible for planning and coordinating the development and implementation efforts. It is recommended that all development and implementation activities be managed as a project.

Senior management should communicate to the entire organization the need for the implementation in order to obtain everybody’s support and commitment. Consistent messages and actions from senior management will have a positive impact on the implementation. When the implementation is in its early stages, communication should focus on "what" and "why" and not on "how". The best form of communication is face-to-face allowing for questions and concerns to be raised and discussed. For larger organizations the face to face communication can be done by the project sponsor and/or project manager, but only after the initial announcement by senior management.

The implementation of a process based management system should be part of the organization’s overall business plan. This will ensure that resources will be provided to support its implementation and also demonstrate that the implementation is a high priority for the organization.

The implementation will introduce a change to the organization. The following are the key conditions for effectively managing the change, in accordance with IAEA Ref. [12]:

• A clear understanding of why the change is necessary;
• A vision of what the organization should look like after the change, and a direction towards that vision;
• Clarity of the end state (the desired outcome);
• Effective management of the implementation (project implementation);
• Effective use of technology;
• Good communication delivering coherent and transparent information that encourages the involvement of people (see Annex 5).

The role of senior management in the implementation is critical. Full support and visible participation of senior management will positively impact the success of the project and the ability to achieve its goals. It is vital that management at all levels support the vision and engage in the necessary activities to improve the existing management system.

Establish the Development Team

Define Composition and Competencies for the Development Team

The appointed project manager should establish the development team as early as possible. The following roles are normally considered as a minimum. Fig. 5 gives an example of a project organization structure.

• Management System Owner: Designated by senior management as the overall "architect" of the management system, this individual coordinates the development of the top level processes, provides standards for top level process development (e.g. templates for flow diagrams and process descriptions), and monitors the interfaces between top level processes during development to ensure proper integration. Provides overall coordination of the development and implementation of the documentation to support the top level processes. Liaises with the designated process owners<ref>For definition of process owner see glossary</ref>.
• Management system specialist (or QA/QC specialist) Provides expert knowledge on management systems standards and QA/QC standards.
• Departmental Representative: Represents a department on behalf of the department head, and provides knowledge regarding the activities in a department. Coordinates the development activities within a department.
• Standards Specialist: Provides expert knowledge of the standards, regulations, codes, requirements, etc. for all process and procedural documents. Together with the project manager, consults the relevant regulatory, corporate/organizational and other relevant authorities and stakeholders to seek clarification of the requirements and determine or clarify their expectations for satisfying the requirements. These expectations should form the criteria for assessing the management system to judge whether or not it meets the requirements. Standard Specialists can also be involved in the review of the documented processes to ensure the requirements are met, and can prepare matrices providing a documented record of compliance against requirements.
• Process Development Specialist: Develops processes in accordance with guidelines established for management system documents. Supports the Process Owner and process-specific development teams in developing processes.
• Steering committee: Provides oversight to the project, including progress monitoring and issue resolution.
• Communications Specialist: Develops, implements, and reviews communication throughout the development and implementation. This individual should be appointed in the early stages of the project to facilitate understanding and engagement of stakeholders.

It must be noted that some functions can be combined. Especially when the management system specialist has good project management skills, this person is then often appointed as project manager.

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 13.png

FIG. 5. Example project structure.

Depending on the specific process, support from individuals in the following areas is generally required: nuclear safety, operations, maintenance, environment, health and safety (including radiation protection), physical security, finance, information technology, human resources, and change management, etc. These individuals may be the (future) process owners for the related processes.

The need for external resources should be considered during the initial development phase of the management system; however, the focus should be on rapid knowledge transfer to enable in-house development and sustainability. Consultants are unlikely to provide an off-the-shelf solution and cannot implement sustainable change without in-house ownership and support.

Assemble and Prepare the Team

The appointed project manager should consult with stakeholders to identify appropriate individuals for the development team based on their understanding of the organization’s structure, activities, requirements, compliance expectations, and the impact of the management system on safety.

If a Standards Specialist is available, this specialist will be involved in consulting stakeholders with respect to the requirements. Requirements include legal obligations, requirements that management (corporate and local) has chosen to adopt based on organizational policies and standards adopted for business reasons or contractual obligations. The requirements will include safety, health, environmental, security, quality, economic, organizational governance, and various other requirements an organization needs to take into account as part of the conduct of its activities, such as:

• National and local legal and regulatory requirements regarding (nuclear) safety, radiation protection, occupational health, environment, security, quality, and emergency preparedness;
• Requirements from the IAEA, including nuclear safety, radiation protection, security, waste management, management systems, training and emergency preparedness;
• Requirements based on guidance from industry organizations such as the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) and the Institute of Nuclear Power Operators (INPO);
• Requirements based on guidance from financial and accounting standards bodies, voluntary private sector organizations, and committees like the Basel Committee, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), or the Criteria of Control Board (COCO) that provide guidance to management on governance, business ethics, internal control, enterprise risk management, fraud, and financial reporting;
• Standards set by national or international organizations, e.g. ISO, the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National Quality Institute (NQI).

Understanding the requirements means not only understanding the language or letter of the requirement, but also how the organization is expected to comply with or meet the requirement.

Training and orientation should be provided as required to ensure the development team understands the organization, requirements, and compliance expectations, and to develop a process based management system.

Once the development team is assembled and prepared, it can assist with preparing the ’Implementation Plan’; defining the current state and future state of the management system and related organization structure.

Develop the Process Framework and StanDards

Identify Top Level Processes

The senior management team, with the support of the development team, should identify the top level processes that are needed to achieve the goals, provide the means to meet all requirements, and deliver the products of the organization under the new set of management system requirements. This involves identifying the:

• Core processes: the output of which is critical to the success of the facility or activity;
• Management/Executive processes: ensure the operation of the entire management system;
• Support processes (e.g. procurement, training): provide the infrastructure necessary for all other processes.

Appendix 2 provides more detailed guidance on how to identify core, supporting and management processes. It also provides examples of typical core, supporting, and management processes in different nuclear facilities during their entire lifespan. See also Ref. [2, 3].

Develop a Top Level Process Model

The senior management and development team have to consult with the various stakeholders inside and outside the organization to develop a top level process model or framework depicting what the organization and its operations would look like under the new set of management system requirements. Senior management engagement and involvement is essential to securing their on-going ownership of the top level process model. Annex 6 provides several examples of a top level process model, and Annex 7 provides an example of a template for a top level process description.

The establishment of a top-level process model is a critical step for successful integration and implementation. It signals concrete commitment by senior management and the organization to the adoption of a process based approach. Senior management is responsible for determining the extent to which the process approach, and all it entails, will be applied in an organization. Regardless of the degree to which the process approach is adopted and used, it should always be clear who is ultimately responsible for safety and for the performance of the organization as a whole. The measures or indicators that senior management has determined or agreed to be used to judge performance under the process based approach should be clearly communicated and understood by all staff in relation to their duties. Senior management is also responsible for:

• Deciding and assigning authority and responsibility (i.e. accountability – e.g. through the use of process owners) for the functioning or performance of the processes;
• Deciding how power and control, including control of budgets, will be shared, if at all, between process owners and functional managers;
• Establishing the conflict resolution mechanism to be used when the process approach is implemented.

During the initial stages of process development, the organization should focus on the processes, their inputs, activities, and outputs, and not on who is involved in the process.

Establish Accountability and Responsibility

There should be clearly defined roles and responsibilities during and after the implementation. Functional managers should be kept involved and engaged at all times. Effort should be made to show functional managers how process owners can help them. Functional managers should understand the implementation project and its desired end-state to ensure a positive working relationship with process owners. Functional managers may also be considered as potential process owners although delegation of this role to someone actively involved in the day-to-day functioning of the process may be desirable to enable the functional manager to maintain an oversight role. There should be a well-defined conflict resolution mechanism, with senior management retaining full responsibility for the effectiveness of the implementation of the management system, and for safety.

Identify Process Owners

Once the processes are defined, process owners for top level processes can be identified. Process Owner responsibilities are outlined in GS-G-3.5 [3]. Depending on the process, the Process Owner may be a full-time position within the organization or a process role. If it is a process role, it is important that adequate time and resources be made available to effectively fulfil this role. Process ownership should be assigned to the appropriate level of the organization to allow for the effective implementation of processes. When selecting individuals to perform the Process Owner function/role, the following should be considered:

• An ability to understand the need for the process, the process activities, and the process requirements.
• An understanding of where the process fits in the organization, its interfacing processes, and stakeholder needs, i.e. the individual should be a systemic and systematic thinker.
• The motivation to continually monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of the process and to make changes within the authority provided by the senior manager and defined in the management system, when performance degrades or when opportunities to improve performance are identified. The person should take a proactive approach to improvement, rather than wait until the results of audits or assessments indicate deviations.
• The ability to maintain current process documentation.
• The ability to work effectively in a team environment.
• Good managerial and communications skills.
• The ability to monitor industry best practices and make changes to processes to take advantage of the lessons learned.

Establish Process Development Standards and Templates

Establish the Process Framework and Document Hierarchy

Typically the management system is described in a series of documents structured in a hierarchical pyramid. IAEA safety guides (e.g. GS-G-3.1 [2] and GS-G-3.5 [3]) on the implementation of requirements specified in IAEA GS-R-3 [1] describe an example of such a document hierarchy consisting of a three-level structure of information.

The number of levels in the hierarchical structure is established by the organization. There is no one way of depicting the document structure, and each organization should define one that is appropriate to its context. Many organizations have structured their documentation using three or four levels.

The organization needs to identify clearly those documents that describe or implement the management system and those that are outputs of the processes. Each type of document should be assigned to an appropriate level of the hierarchical structure. The following provides information on a typical structure.

Level 1, the top of the pyramid, is the highest level document(s) presenting an overview of how the organization and its management system are designed to meet its policies and objectives. Often these are included in the so called management system manual and contain:

• The mission, vision, goals, policy and the main governing requirements of the management system;
• A brief description of the management system model and its key processes;
• The hierarchical structure of the organization’s documents, which are often detailed in documents associated with the organization’s document control process;
• A high level organizational structure with a brief description of key responsibilities and authorities of senior managers, organizational units, and key committees as applicable;
• Responsibilities of process owners;
• Arrangements for measuring and assessing the effectiveness of the management system.

Level 2 documents consist of the processes to be implemented to achieve the policies and objectives and the designated Process Owner, position, or organizational unit responsible, to carry them out. Level 2 documents consist of:

• Process maps, and processes including the interfaces between related processes;
• Responsibilities, authorities, interface arrangements, measurable objectives, and activities to be carried out.

The information at Level 2 provides administrative direction to managers in all positions and describes the actions that managers have to take or implement. The Level 2 documents may also briefly describe how technical tasks are to be performed.

Level 3 documents consist of detailed procedures, instructions and guidance that enable the processes to be carried out and specification of the position or unit that is to perform the work, including:

• Documents that prescribe the specific details for the performance of tasks by individuals or by small functional groups or teams. The type and format of documents at this level may vary considerably, depending on the application. The primary consideration should be to ensure that the documents are suitable for use by the appropriate individuals and that the contents are clear, concise, unambiguous, and produced in accordance with a template or structure suitable for that type of document.
• Procedures and work instructions defining the steps for performing work activities to achieve a specific analytical, functional, or operational objective: for example, maintenance procedures, operating produces, laboratory procedures, but also procedures for safety analyses, core management, reporting non-conformances, etc.
• Documents that contain data or information, e.g. design documentation and drawings, information reports, etc.
• Job or position descriptions that define the different competencies or types of work encompassing the total scope of an individual’s job. Job descriptions should be used to establish baselines for identifying training and competence needs.

If a 4^th level is defined, it typically consists of records and reports providing evidence of the activities which have been carried out. Otherwise these documents also belong to level 3.

Fig. 6 illustrates a 3 level documentation system. This pyramidal structure should be applied to documentation associated with each process, as this will create a consistent structure for the documents and enable quick identification of the position of a document within the hierarchy and the assigned process. The document hierarchy may evolve with the progress of the implementation of the management system; however, carefully thinking through the initial design to include all document types will minimize subsequent change. In some cases, documents may be shared by more than one process. For example, the top level ’Perform Planning process’ and ’Perform Maintenance process’ may share a single supporting document for the planning and implementation of ’Control of Foreign Material. This practice should be considered when referencing one "shared" document, which avoids duplication and ensures consistent understanding and application by the end-user in support of multiple processes.

Fig. 7 provides an example of a regulatory document hierarchy which illustrates the relationship between regulatory framework documents and the internal processes of the regulatory body.

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FIG. 6. An example hierarchy of documents in a process based management system''.

FIG. 7. Example hierarchy of documents for a regulatory body.

Annex 8 provides examples of a hierarchy of documents associated with one of the processes in a process model, before and after the implementation.

Establish Document Templates

The development team, in consultation with the relevant stakeholders within the organization, should establish templates, or documentation standards, for describing processes, procedures, forms, and other routinely produced documents in the management system. These templates should be used by the organization to facilitate development of documents. Consistency ensures a uniform style, reduces error at the time of use, and facilitates inter-departmental training.

The templates for the different types of documents describing the management system (process descriptions, working level procedures, etc.) should be described in the document control process procedures in order to ensure that a standard format is used for each category of document. The responsibility for developing the different templates should be defined in the top level process. The templates for the corporate processes and the control mechanism for all documents should be defined at the corporate level to ensure a standard to control all documents, since different activities may require different templates.

Each document requires a unique identifier. It is advisable to define a document identification system related to the document structure and level of the documents in the management system. Some organizations indicate the process and level of the document in the cover sheet. Fig. 8 shows a 4 level structure. The shading on the diagram indicates that the specific document is at Level 3.

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 15.png

FIG. 8. Identifying the level of a document in the hierarchy.

The number of documents should be optimized to permit easier control of the system. Documents should be designed with the end user in mind in order to aid effective implementation at the time of performance. The use of flowcharts in the documentation is encouraged. When using flowcharts, flowcharting standards (e.g. INPO or examples provided in this publication) should be identified and used to support a uniform application and understanding.

Establish a Methodology for Developing Processes

In order to ensure consistency in the description of processes, a specific process describing the preparation, review and approval of management system documents should be established. This process should clearly describe the responsibility for the development of documents of each type and level. An example of the administration of management system documents is presented in Annex 9. The owner of this process could be the Process Owner of the document control process or alternatively this role could be assigned to the Management System Owner.

Develop the Implementation Plan

Implementation Plan

An implementation plan should be prepared by the development team to describe the activities required for successful implementation. The implementation plan should align with the project charter and the implementation strategy. The implementation plan governs only project activities and therefore should reference and direct the user to the use of existing processes such as document control and project management. If those processes are not yet available they should be developed as early activities in the Implementation Plan.

The implementation plan normally includes:

• Purpose and scope of the implementation (from the project charter and implementation strategy);
• An implementation project organizational chart;
• Structure, tasks and responsibilities and authorities of the project team members, steering committee, specialists, and other key positions;
• Tasks and responsibilities of the organizational divisions, departments, units, groups, and other specialists/staff involved in the development and implementation;
• Planning, including schedule, timelines and milestones (an example of a schedule with milestones is given in Annex 10);
• A detailed breakdown of the project resource requirements, including project team resources, external resources if required, and anticipated management and department resources required to support oversight, development and initial implementation;
• Identification and prioritization of the risks associated with the project (e.g. implementation delays, resource constraints, implementation issues) and a risk reporting strategy. Include the future impact of the implementation or change by considering the:
• Safety impact of the proposed change, additional measures might be necessary to ensure that the change does not have a negative impact on safety;
• Change readiness and commitment of the organization;
• Impact on organizational culture and behavior;
• Impact on organizational responsibilities and structure;
• Impact on performance effectiveness;
• Potential impacts on organizational planning, performance monitoring and performance indicators;
• Impact on stakeholders and interfaces (both internal and external).
• Training requirements (e.g. process owners, internal auditors and other stakeholders);
• Implementation activities including:
• Schedule, timelines and milestone controls;
• Preparation of the process development and implementation plans for each specific process, including priority, sequence of development, and disposition of the issues identified during the gap analysis;
• Project reporting (milestones, progress and budget);
• Process implementation, roll-out and/or training;
• Implementation monitoring and oversight including:
• Oversight meetings, lessons learned, and issue resolution;
• Evaluation of implementation effectiveness through stakeholder feedback, self-assessments, audits, management review, etc.
• Project close-out.
• Architecture for supporting documentation; including:
• Development of the Level 1 management system document, as required;
• Management system development standards (e.g. process design, flowcharting and documentation standards and/or templates, software to be used, etc.).
• Organizational Project Management methodologies;
• Communication plan;
• Change management methodology appropriate for the type and scope of the change. If change management expertise is required but not available within the development team, it should be obtained either internally (from within the organization or by training a member of the development team) or externally. Reference 12 gives detailed guidance on managing change in nuclear organizations, and much additional literature is available, as for example Ref. [16, 17];
• Significance of the identified gaps and a strategy to address the gaps.

As processes are frequently dependent on input from each other there may be a need to develop certain processes before others. This is particularly important when developing processes for a new organization. For example, processes to ensure consistent development and management of process and procedural documents are an early requisite, as are processes most in need of improvement to support on-going work. Prioritization should take into account the organizational needs and stakeholder requirements. However as processes are developed, individual interactions and changes in the internal and external environments may require processes to be developed in parallel or in a different order.

The definition of the management system framework, structure and document format should be given priority as it enables consistent development and description of processes. The process for preparation, review and approval of management system documentation should be the first ones to be developed and approved. Annex 9 provides an example of such a process. To ensure consistency it is important to appoint a person with overall responsibility for the management system.

A Communications Specialist should be involved in preparing a communications plan that considers stakeholders directly involved in the accomplishment of the organization’s mission and goals, establishes lines of communication, and consults with stakeholders in decision-making which may affect them. This can be achieved only through open communication and understanding the stakeholders. Consideration should be given to whether some stakeholders who are indirectly involved in the accomplishment of the mission and goals should be involved in the preparation and implementation of the communication plan.

The implementation plan has to be submitted to senior management for final approval. Once the implementation plan has been approved, the project charter may require revision to update key areas such as resources, milestones, timelines, budget, etc. Revisions to the project charter typically require approval of the steering committee.

Implementation and Progress Reporting

Throughout the implementation, the development team and senior management should monitor and collect feedback on the progress of the implementation and take concrete, visible actions based on this feedback.

The following methods are normally used to monitor and obtain feedback on the implementation:

• Internal audits;
• External audits;
• Self-assessments;
• Improvement proposals;
• Non-conformance reporting;
• Management reviews.

Reference 2 gives specific guidance related to measurement, monitoring and improvement processes.

The implementation plan should be revised if required and the new revision should be approved at the appropriate level.

On a regular basis, progress reports should be prepared by the project manager and submitted to the project sponsor, steering committee and senior management. The following aspects are normally included in a progress report:

• A summary of the process development, roll-out/training and effectiveness review process;
• Summary of human and financial resources used;
• Progress in relation to project milestones;
• Challenges, potential solutions and the issue resolution process to be used;
• Updates on the risk identification and mitigation process.

If there is a change in scope, budget, resources, or timeline, the implementation plan should be changed accordingly, and approved at the appropriate level.

In addition to the implementation plan, terms of reference (authorities, responsibilities, membership, frequency of meeting, etc.) should be developed for the steering committee and for the development team. The terms of reference may be included in the implementation plan.

Communicate the Implementation Plan

Communication to foster understanding, engage stakeholders, and solicit feedback should begin at the conceptual stage of the project and continue at every stage to ensure there are no surprises for participants or stakeholders. Once the implementation plan has been approved, communicate the plan to internal and external stakeholders as appropriate.

To foster acceptance for the plan and its implementation, including organizational change, the strategy and plan should be packaged and communicated to all levels of the organization as a positive undertaking that highlights the tangible benefits for all management and staff.

The development team, other project teams and all levels of management should use appropriate communication channels or modalities available to them to periodically inform the organization and its stakeholders about the implementation of the management system, including the progress being made and any significant issues. The communication channels should focus on face-to-face interactions, supported by leaflets, memos, e-mail and the intranet. Frequently asked questions and answers should be posted on the organization’s intranet.

The organization may use individuals who will promote the implementation within their organizational units (i.e. change agents). These individuals, the development team and senior management should be aided by the Communications Specialist and the developed communication tools to deliver effective messages to the organization and its stakeholders.

Management Commitment

Management at all levels has to demonstrate active commitment to the establishment, implementation, assessment and continual improvement of the management system and shall allocate adequate resources to carry out these activities. For the success of the project this commitment must not only be a written statement but must be visibly shown in all actions and decisions.

If not yet developed, senior management should develop individual values, institutional values and behavioural expectations for the organization to support the implementation of the management system and must act as role models in the promulgation of these values and expectations.

These individual values, institutional values and behavioural expectations must be clearly communicated to the staff. Senior management should explain the importance of adopting the values, and the expectation that the processes, procedures and instructions of the management system be followed. They should also stress that proposals for improvement should be communicated to management and the development team in order to improve the management system.

Management at all levels should foster the involvement of all individuals in the implementation and continual improvement of the management system.

Process development and deployment

Previous sections have indicated that a top level model or framework typically identifies the main processes for the organization. Each process requires the development of individual sub-processes or procedures to support each main process and its subsequent implementation across the organization. The objective is to apply a consistent methodology to develop processes that meet all external requirements, standards and organizational objectives while minimizing duplication. The development will be influenced by the maturity of the organization and the availability, quality, and complexity of existing procedures.

The Process Owner is responsible for coordinating the development and implementation of the process with support from the development team as needed. Depending on the complexity, development may make use of a support team and specific plans to manage the development and implementation of the process.

Identifying and understanding the requirements in terms of inputs, outputs, and constraints is a key element for producing an effective process.

The steps for development of a specific process are shown in Fig. 9, and each step is described in Sections 8.1 through 8.10.

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 16.png

FIG. 9. Process Development and Implementation.

Identify Process to Develop

As indicated in Section 7.1, the implementation plan identifies the order and priority of each process to be developed. For each process, the remaining steps in Fig. 9 provide an approach for developing, documenting, and implementing the process.

Form Process Team

The Process Owner is typically responsible for forming the team that will develop a specific process, and may require other individuals from the organization to help develop the process. The size and skills of the team will depend on the type of process, and experience of the Process Owner. The team typcially includes subject matter experts, process users, and customers of the outputs, supported by individuals familiar with process development and standards. However, while a team may not always be required, it is important that stakeholders and those involved in carrying out the process or receiving the results of the process, are involved at each stage.

To ensure competency it is important that the Process Owner arranges training for those involved as necessary, particularly with regard to process development, integration of management system requirements, and document structure.

Identify Process Requirements and Scope

The identification of requirements and scope is an important activity in the production of an effective process that meets regulatory, stakeholder, and organizational requirements and ensures that requirements can be implemented in an integrated way. The scope identifies what is included in the process, thereby defining boundaries that avoid overlap and duplication with other processes. For organizations with corporate stakeholders, especially those who build or operate nuclear installations, it is important that each process aligns with corporate policies and strategic development plans.

For a particular process the objective is to identify all requirements that may influence the process and outcomes of the process. Typically these will be identified from:

• Legislation: Applicable National and International laws and regulations that place constraints on the organization and its operations, particularly with regard to safety, health, environment, security, quality, and economics.
• Licence, Operational Limits and Conditions (including Technical Specifications and Safety Analyses): These documents define safe operation and place constraints on operations, maintenance, testing, etc.
• Other Regulatory Requirements: Besides the licence, regulatory bodies often issue additional requirements. These requirements should be included in the processes.
• Business strategy: The strategy, policies and objectives of the company may specify requirements, e.g. non-mandatory standards the organization wishes to apply to its operations (e.g. ISO 14001).
• Standards: The main standards are those connected with safety, health, environment, quality, and security, e.g. IAEA safety standards, IAEA security standards, ASME-NQA-1, ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, etc. Other standards, including national standards, that may influence the nature of outputs include product design and technical standards. In many cases regulatory bodies specify mandatory standards for licensees.
• Stakeholders: Stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, employees, and society may also specify requirements for the process. Consultation with internal and external stakeholders should be carried out to identify such requirements. The degree of consultation and involvement will depend on their importance to the process and may be required by law or regulations.
• Linked Processes: Processes that interact by providing input or taking output from any process have the potential to introduce constraints and requirements. The degree of interaction may influence the order in which processes are developed.
• Best Practices: Benchmarking exercises to identify best practices may be conducted to help in optimizing the process. Annex 3 provides guidance on Benchmarking for the purpose of identifying best practices.

Consideration of the above items typically results in a large number of requirements that need to be analysed. These should be documented and are typically captured in a matrix or database that groups common requirements and indicates those requirements applicable to each process. This facilitates knowledge management and makes revision of processes easier. It is advisable to develop a specific process to identify the requirements and revisions to them, and how revised requirements should be evaluated to incorporate the new requirements in the processes. Many of these requirements may be similar, and for integration they may be consolidated into a number of common requirements.

Capture Existing Practices

Depending on the maturity of the organization, existing knowledge may be applicable to the process being developed. It is important to capture and collate this information so it may be considered and used in the developement of the final process.

Existing knowledge consists of such aspects as:

• Documented arrangements: These may be procedures, process descriptions, and data on applicable requirements and their relation to a process.
• Undocumented arrangements: These often exist in an organization and should be captured and incorporated in the processes, procedures and instructions. This information (staff knowledge) should be collected by consulting with staff either through interviews, staff involvement in the team, or through assessments.
• Other information: The output from activities such as production reports, formal audits, regulatory and management reviews, and event reports should also be reviewed to provide input. These and other information on risks provide valuable information on areas for improvement.

The above information should be collated into an information package to identify existing status and any potential areas for improvement.

Identify Gaps and Areas for Improvement

The objective of the gap analysis is to compare the identified requirements for the processes with existing arrangements and information gathered in the previous steps. Areas for improvement can then be identified and a strategy for developing the process and supporting documentation produced.

The process team, supported as required by subject matter experts, should systematically analyse the information and identify any gaps. This can be done by reviewing each requirement and identifying its status as follows:

Covered – the requirement is addressed in existing documentation;

Partially-covered – some aspect of the requirement is not covered;

Not covered – the requirement is not addressed.

Table 1 illustrates how such an approach may be tabulated.

TABLE 1. EXAMPLE APPROACH TO A GAP ANALYSIS

Gap analysis matrix
Requirements for the Future-State Process	Existing Process Situation	How the requirements are covered, include reference to any documents.	Requirement Status Covered Partially Not covered	Description of Gaps identified

A second step in the analysis is the identification of which processes are available to address the gap, whether they are still appropriate, and whether additional processes or procedures will need to be developed.

Once the gap analysis is complete, a strategy to address any gaps should be generated. This strategy should be produced in consultation with the team and relevant stakeholders and may include the production of a new or modified process and/or documents. Agreement by senior management may be required before moving to the next stage of process and document development.

When the gap analysis for the processes is completed and the processes that should be developed or modified are known, a similar action should be carried out for related procedures and instructions to determine whether each is acceptable as is, or needs to be revised, replaced, or removed from service.

This matrix should be updated during process and document development and used as a final check that requirements have been addressed. The matrices from all processes can be combined and used to produce an ’Organization Compliance Matrix’; which helps provide confidence to regulatory agencies and certification bodies that all requirements have been addressed.

Develop Process Activities and Flowchart

The Process Owner develops the process using the gap analysis and existing information in accordance with requirements of the management system. Generally, the Process Owner will involve a development team and other stakeholders to produce the process documentation.

The first step of the development involves defining the key activities and producing a flowchart. This involves the identification of:

• The key activities to be included in the process;
• The optimal order in which to accomplish the activities;
• Resources needed for drafting and review;
• Potential risks and issues related to the process and its interfaces.

Development of the process activities and flow diagram should engage staff involved in the process and other stakeholders as appropriate.

Those involved may need to be trained in:

• Process mapping techniques (the way in which a process can be visualized);
• Understanding process, scope, and (stakeholder) requirements identified during the gap analysis (acts, regulations, standards, codes, licences, management and industry expectations);
• Identifying process activities and related inputs, outputs, and constraints;
• Placing the activities in a logical order;
• Identifying process responsibilities; and
• Defining process performance indicators.

During the process development, those involved should initially focus on optimizing the process activities, and flow, inputs and outputs , rather than focus attention on who is currently involved in the process. This avoids sub-optimization and retention of non-value-added steps arising from historic ownership of certain aspects of the process. Following such optimization, appropriate decisions can be made as to who in the organization should perform each activity. The process flowchart should clearly indicate who is responsible for each action or decision.

The process flowchart should be used to establish the scope and alignment of the lower level supporting documents.

Develop Process and Procedural Documents

Once the main activities and flowchart for the process are developed, the next step is to develop or update all documents (e.g. process documents, procedures, templates, forms, etc.) required for implementing the process. Some of these documents may require the production of additional flowcharts. Developing the documentation is the responsibility of the Process Owner. Existing arrangements that are still valid should be assigned to process steps to ensure compliance, help in optimization and reduce duplication. Depending on the scope and complexity of the process, sub-processes may be required. Production of these should be controlled and coordinated by the main Process Owner, but may require the appointment of sub-process owners to develop and maintain such processes.

The effort required to develop the supporting documentation is dependent on the scope of the project, the extent of the identified gaps, and the overall alignment of documentation to the process. Changes to existing documentation may be categorized as a minor revision, a major revision, or the creation of a new document. Plans may need to be established for each category of change, and an overall schedule for document development is advisable if not already defined in the Implementation Plan. In this step all existing procedures and instructions must be linked to the newly developed processes and should be updated or made obsolete where necessary. Annex 9 gives an example of a process for the development, review and approval of management system documents.

The process structure and format of supporting documents will depend on the requirements of the organization. However, it is recommended that each process contain the process flow diagram, compliance requirements, key inputs and objectives of the process, key outputs, and the Process Owner. Every document should have a unique identification number and revision status.

It is essential that each process document is well-defined with clear interfaces, that ownership is anchored in the organization, and that process effectiveness is measured. To ensure this for every process the designated Process Owner is normally the ’owner’ of related documents and is responsible for:

• Ensuring completeness and consistency;
• Ensuring the appropriateness of a document to the relevant process;
• Ensuring alignment with other processes;
• Assigning document authors and reviewers.

There may be a requirement to describe how specific processes interact to meet a regulatory requirement or a technical standard. Some organizations prepare special documents for this purpose (e.g. maintenance programme, fire protection programme, dosimetry programme, or conventional safety programme). Since work in a process based management system is done in accordance with the process documentation, such a programme document should not direct work, but describe the programme and where the various elements are covered within the processes of the management system. The use of multiple programme documents should be discouraged since producing them requires resources and detracts from a process based approach. Examples of where programme description documents might be beneficial include:

• When there is a need to demonstrate to external agencies where requirements are covered within the management system processes, and an implementation reference table or database will serve that objective;
• When there is an internal requirement to ensure elements are covered; or
• When such documents are required for knowledge retention within the organization.

Implement the Process

Implementation or roll-out of the new process should be planned, controlled, communicated, monitored, tracked, and recorded to ensure that safety is not compromised. The organization should engage or involve experts on organizational issues to help it manage the implementation and organizational change.

The strategy and effort required to implement each process will depend on the degree of the change. For example, if the future state requires organizational changes and significant changes to the way work is done, then a comprehensive process implementation strategy should be prepared including reappraisal of any risks; whereas if the future state involves minor changes and requires minimal change in the organizational structure, the implementation strategy can be simple. Although the strategy should focus on the impact of the changes on individuals and departments, the implementation of a process based management system should be clearly communicated with all stakeholders. Implementation strategies may include one or more of the following: formal training, process and document orientation sessions, workshops, and on-the-job training.

The change should be managed in accordance with the process for managing organizational change, especially when implementation involves changes to management responsibilities.

If the process changes are significant and/or the process is complex, a validation of the process should be considered prior to full implementation. Validation confirms that the process not only meets the requirements but also works under real or simulated conditions. The simplest form of validation is a table-top review with process participants. More complex forms such as targeted pilots and exercises may be required, especially for processes which are not a day-to-day practice, such as emergency preparedness procedures.

During the change process, roles and responsibilities should be clearly defined–nobody should be unsure of their roles and responsibilities, especially for safety-related aspects.

Safety issues need to be addressed in implementation plans and independently checked and reported throughout the implementation process.

The organization should consider a gradual implementation of the new management system – this staged approach should be an integral part of the change management and control, and should be applied to all activities within the project (training, communication, process development, and roll-out, etc.)

Implementation Planning

Any change should be in alignment with the overall implementation plan and include a strategy for transitioning from the "Current State" to the "Future State" documentation hierarchy as well as process validation, e.g. pilots for specific processes. The implementation plan needs to be sufficiently detailed and needs to address:

• The potential consequences of ineffective implementation;
• Introduction strategy: Not all the processes need to be implemented at once. Normally a group of related processes are introduced and staff is trained in those processes and procedures. Sometime after the introduction, evaluations are carried out to identify potential improvements. While the first set of processes is being improved by the development team, the next group of processes may be introduced. The number of introduction steps depends on the complexity of the processes and number and impact of documents that have to be prepared and introduced.
• Required resources: implementation of the new management system requires consistent personal involvement and leadership by senior management. Senior management should be prepared to provide the necessary resources and leadership for smooth implementation. The project plans should include contingencies for additional resources, staff, and financing for unforeseeable situations. Typically, 10 or 15% of the estimated budget is allocated to such contingencies.

Communication

For successful implementation it is important to communicate the reasons for and benefits of the implementation. Staff involved should be informed of the anticipated benefits of the implementation of the new process and its potential to enhance safety and performance before the development starts. They should be kept informed about progress, challenges, and achievements.

Depending on the significance of the change, a communication plan may be required to inform stakeholders, especially staff, of any changes, especially pertaining to roles and responsibilities.

Staff Training

Staff involved in the process will need training; however, the extent of training will depend on the significance of any change and their involvement. For a major process change or implementation of a new process, a training plan may be required. Participation by process staff in implementation audits have proven to be a very effective tool to deepen such staff’s understanding of the process and its performance issues. It should however, be clearly communicated that such individuals are participating in the audit as part of their development and training.

Monitor the implementation

To ensure successful implementation and prompt response to any issues that arise, it is important to monitor the process during implementation. Consequently, the Process Owner is responsible for:

• Monitoring the implementation and addressing any issues that may arise;
• Providing a summary indicating the overall implementation performance, e.g.
• Status against process implementation milestones;
• Status of project key performance indicators;
• Project issues and risk status.

Actions should be identified, assigned and completed to address and mitigate identified performance issues.

Review Effectiveness of Implementation

Once the implementation of the new process is considered complete and a suitable "burn-in" or familiarization period has elapsed (typically 2-6 months), a review should be conducted to assess the overall effectiveness and ability to meet requirements.

The implementation review comprises two activities:

• Review the results against requirements and expectations;
• Identify lessons learned.

Review the results against requirements and expectations

The Process Owner and other staff should carry out self-assessments, internal audits and stakeholder/user feedback sessions to assess the process outcomes against process requirements. The review should be carried out by the Process Owner, users and stakeholders, and where possible include staff independent of the process implementation.

Any actions should be identified, prioritized and implemented for further improvement of the process itself or the implementation practices.

The organization’s audit plan should reflect the status of the implementation, and related changes to the management system. This enables future audits to provide information related to the effectiveness of the newly implemented processes. The results of the audits should be used for further improvement of the processes and the associated implementation practices.

Identify lessons learned

The outcome from the above review should be collated, summarized and lessons learned identified. These lessons learned may be categorized as follows:

• Process lessons learned;
• Implementation lessons learned;
• Management system lessons learned;
• Key success factors for sustainability;
• Recommendations for future improvements.

This information should be communicated to improve other process implementation and changes. Where the process change is part of a major implementation of process management it should be fed back to the core project team for use in the final project closeout report.

Continual Improvement

International practice requires organizations to continually improve performance. The management system is one area where organizations may look for continual improvement opportunities. Regular reviews are required to reflect changes in or findings from:

• Corporate requirements;
• Audits and inspections;
• Management system reviews;
• Self-assessments;
• Non-conformities, and corrective and preventive actions;
• Benchmarking;
• Stakeholder feedback;
• Government and regulatory requirements.

Guidance on these improvement processes can be found in Ref. [2].

Summary

A process based management system is systemic in nature. It encompasses all aspects of how the people within the organization, including management, accomplish work and interact with internal and external stakeholders. It is also systematic in that every process consists of a logical sequence of activities with well-defined requirements, inputs, interfaces, outcomes, and responsibilities. These two features, systemic and systematic, enable senior management to understand, manage, and oversee work; measure performance in an unambiguous way; identify opportunities for improvement and implement such improvements using a process based approach.

Developing a management system is not a trivial undertaking, and should be approached as a project with sufficient planning and resources to ensure success. It can significantly enhance existing quality assurance programmes without any loss of the benefits of such programmes. Development and implementation requires commitment and engagement of senior management. Management system projects provide an excellent opportunity to build internal capacity and develop future leaders for the organization.

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Elements of Management Systems

This Appendix lists standard elements useful for the introduction of a management system.

Management System manual

This is not an essential requirement but it is a typical good practice. The document should be a short roadmap aimed at helping employees and other stakeholders understand the essence of how the organization operates and offer a high level, typically pictorial view of the relationship between major elements and processes. Typically the management system manual includes the following, described in more detail below. For ease, the structure of the management system should address the elements identified as requirements in GS-R-3 and generally follow a plan, do, check, act structure as in this example. Only the basic aspects should be described, since the tasks and responsibilities have to be clearly defined in the processes. Management Statement of Commitment (GS-R-3) Safety Culture considerations (GS-R-3) PLAN: Vision, Mission, Values, Goals/Objectives Policy Statements Organizational Structure DO: Requirements Grading Processes CHECK: Management Controls Assessment ACT: Continual improvement / self-evaluation / problem identification and resolution /corrective action programme

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Mission / vision / values	Typically, these are high level aspirational statements that drive the organization. A workshop-type meeting with senior management is often held as part of the strategic planning process to define and document the mission and vision. Some organizations use the opportunity of creating values statements to engage employees.
Goals / objectives	Describe the high level goals of the organization. This section usually points to the business planning process (the process that periodically considers all the activities and resources necessary to achieve organizational goals over some forward period, typically between 1-5 years).
Management statement of commitment	Typically written in the first person by the CEO or leader of the organization committing the organization to a process based management system and setting the expectation that all leaders and staff shall follow the requirements of the management system. This statement can also include a high level policy statement integrating safety, health, environment, etc.
Safety culture	A good practice is to include in the statement of commitment, the safety culture values, leadership, and expectations for role modeling for managers and staff at all levels. In this section an organization may describe how processes in the management system contribute to safety culture, and the expectation that each process consider how it can contribute to safety culture and safety performance. This section may point to a document that describes how Safety Culture is established, monitored and assessed. Additional guidance on safety culture is found in Ref. [15, 18-20].
Policy statements	It is a good practice to have a single policy statement at a high level, and if necessary, more specific policy-type guidance may be included within the process-specific documents.
Organization structure	Describe the main structure of the organization. A high level organization chart is often included in the management system manual. The detailed organizational structure is typically documented elsewhere electronically and/or via intranet. Include a high-level description of authorities, responsibilities and accountabilities for the CEO/President, Board, Board sub-committees, leaders and officers of the company and management committees. (Details do not need to be included in the management system manual, and are often documented separately.) Describe who has responsibility for the effectiveness of the management system and describe the independence of the audit/independent assessment function.
Grading	Identify that a graded approach is used within all processes of the management system. The grading methodology may be briefly described in the manual, and is typically described in detail in a separate document. Guidance on grading is provided in Ref. [13]. If specific grading requirements for an individual process are needed then these may be described in the process itself or in a document used as input to that process.
Processes	Provide a pictorial representation of the key processes of the organization. All processes, both business and operational, may be grouped into Core, Support, and Management processes, but other groupings may be used. Some examples of process models are presented in Annex 8. Consider benchmarking similar organizations for process descriptions and models using documents such as the NEI/EUCG Standard Nuclear Industry Model for guidance [21].
Example processes	The following processes are often defined for the various stages of a nuclear power plant. The abbreviations used are G: General; S: Siting; DE: Design; C: Construction; CO: Commissioning; O: Operation; D: Decommissioning. Control of documents (GS-R-3) (G) Control of products (GS-R-3) (G) Control of records (GS-R-3) (G) Communications (GS-R-3) (G) Managing organizational change (GS-R-3) (G) Procurement and purchasing management (control of non-conforming items) and supply chain oversight (G) Vendor field oversight (S, C, CO) Licensing & permits (G) Strategic, business and initiative planning (G) Risk management (technical, financial, etc.) (G) Financial management (tax, payroll, accounts payable) (G) Human resource management (G) Training & qualification (G) Design management (DE, C, CO, O, D) Configuration management (DE, C, CO, O, D) Project management (G) Monitoring and measurement (G) Assessment (independent assessment, self-assessment, assessment of the management system, etc.) (G) Site selection (includes environmental assessment) (S) Construction management (C) Commissioning management (CO) Operations management (O) Work management & maintenance (O) Equipment reliability (CO, O) Waste management (conventional and radioactive – may be included in RP) (S, C, CO, O, D) Fuel management (procurement, fuelling, IAEA interface, high level waste disposal) (C, CO, O, D) Industrial health & safety management (G) Radiation protection management (could include rad waste) (CO, O, D) Outage management (O) Security management (G) Emergency preparedness & fire protection management (C, CO, O, D) Decommissioning management (D) License management, including management of requirements
Requirements	Identify broad requirements and point to where specific requirements are maintained. These include Legal and statutory requirements; Regulatory requirements; Business requirements; Standards/code requirements; Management requirements; Stakeholder requirements.
Management controls	Describe how/where the metrics and other control mechanisms are applied, such as management meetings, etc.

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Identifying Processes

Identifying Core Processes

The following questions may be helpful in identifying core processes:

• Which processes have the greatest impact on performance (safety, health, environment, quality, cost, business, innovation)?
• What are the critical outputs of the organization, and which processes deliver these?
• Which processes reflect the unique competencies of the organization and are mission-critical?
• Which processes are the value-creating activities of the organization and are the processes that are seen and experienced by external stakeholders (e.g. customers)?
• Which processes have the greatest impact?
• Which processes are so important to our competitive position that we would never outsource them?

Identifying management/executive processes

These provide direction and governance for an organization. They are generally implemented by senior management to:

• Set organizational goals;
• Direct and manage the organization;
• Manage external relationships and interfaces;
• Manage and improve the processes;
• Assess and improve performance of work.

Management processes also shape and manage the core and support processes used by an organization.

Identifying support processes

Support processes exist to sustain the organization. Since the support needs of many organizations are similar, these processes tend to be fairly standard and some aspects may be candidates for outsourcing. The customers of support processes are internal customers and processes within the organization.

Examples of support processes are:

• Provide financial services;
• Provide human resources;
• Ensure optimal installation condition;
• Provide radiation protection;
• Provide emergency preparedness;
• Provide security;
• Provide environmental monitoring;
• Provide information technology support;
• Provide materials and procurement support;
• Provide documentation and records;
• Purchasing.

Annex 8 gives a number of examples of processes developed in different organizations.

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REFERENCES

[1]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Management System for Facilities and Activities, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-R-3, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
[2]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Application of the Management System for Facilities and Activities, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-G-3.1, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
[3]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Management Systems for Nuclear Facilities, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-G-3.5, IAEA, Vienna (2008).
[4]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and other Nuclear Installations, Code and Safety Guides Q1-Q14, IAEA Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q, IAEA, Vienna (1996).
[5]	INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, Quality Management Systems – Requirements, ISO 9001:2008, ISO, Geneva (2008).
[6]	AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications, ASME NQA-1-2008, ASME, New York (2008), with Addenda to ASME NQA-1-2008, ASME NQA-1a-2009, ASME, New York (2009).
[7]	INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION Environmental Management Systems – Requirements with Guidance for Use, ISO 14001:2004, ISO, Geneva (2004).
[8]	BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Requirements, OHSAS 18001:2007, BSI, London (2007).
[9]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Management System Standards: Comparison between IAEA GS-R-3 and ISO 9001:2008, IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 69, IAEA, Vienna (2012).
[10]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Management System Standards: Comparison between IAEA GS-R-3 and ASME NQA-1-2008, NQA-1a-2009, IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 70, IAEA, Vienna (2012).
[11]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Management of Continual Improvement for Facilities and Activities: A Structured Approach, IAEA TECDOC 1491, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
[12]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Managing Organizational Change in Nuclear Facilities, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-1.1, IAEA, Vienna (in press).
[13]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Use of the Graded Approach in the Application of Management System Requirements for Facilities and Activities, IAEA-TECDOC, IAEA, Vienna (in publication).
[14]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Good practices with respect to the development and use of nuclear power plant procedures, IAEA TECDOC-1058, IAEA, Vienna (1998).
[15]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Culture in Pre-Operational Phases of Nuclear Power Plant Projects, Safety Reports Series No. 74, IAEA, Vienna (2012).
[16]	Kotter, John P., Leading Change, Harvard Business Review Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2012).
[17]	Hyatt, Jeffery M., ADKAR: A Model for Change in Business, Government and Our Community, Prosci Research, Loveland, Colorado (2006).
[18]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safety Culture in Nuclear Installations: Guidance for Use in the Enhancement of Safety Culture, IAEA-TECDOC- 1329, IAEA, Vienna (2002).
[19]	Nuclear Electric Institute (NEI), Fostering a Strong Nuclear Safety Culture, NEI 09-07, Nuclear Electric Institute, Washington (November 2010).
[20]	Institute of Nuclear Power Operators (INPO), Traits of a Healthy Nuclear Safety Culture, INPO 12-012, Institute of Nuclear Power Operators, Atlanta (April 2013).
[21]	NEI/EUCG Significant Trends in Nuclear Benchmarking and Performance Improvement 1997-2007, Nuclear Electric Institute, Washington (December 2007).
[22]	CANADIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY COMMISSION, A Guide to Benchmarking at the CNSC, Final Report of the Benchmarking Working Group, CNSC, Ottawa (2002).
[23]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Risk Management: A Tool for Improving Nuclear Power Plant Performance, IAEA-TECDOC-1209, IAEA, Vienna (2001).
[24]	INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Implementation of a Management System for Operating Organizations of Research Reactors, Safety Reports Series No. 75, IAEA, Vienna (2013).

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Glossary

Implementation proposal: A document that provides senior management with the necessary information, from a business standpoint, for determining that implementation of a process based management system is worth the required investment. Typically the implementation proposal contains a cost-benefit analysis justifying the need for the implementation project.

Process Owner: The individual designated by management to be accountable for the implementation, effectiveness, and continual improvement of the assigned process.

Project charter: A document issued by the project sponsor who formally authorizes the implementation, and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to execute the project. The project charter describes the initial requirements for the project and the expected outcome. The project charter is prepared after senior management’s decision to approve the implementation.

Project Implementation Plan: A detailed planning document that describes how the project will be executed and implemented. It defines project scope and deliverables, work breakdown, project organization and responsibilities, schedule, budget and other planning aspects. The plan forms a basis for measuring project progress and performance. The project plan is prepared by the project manager in collaboration with project team members and key stakeholders. The size and complexity of the project plan is proportional to the size of the project.

Flow Diagram: A structured illustration that gives the flow and connections between the various activities of a process. The following shows typical symbols used in constructing flow diagrams.

Initiator or terminator of a process or procedure Action or activity Decision Document Call-out to another process or procedure Undefined information source.

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Example Outline of a Project Charter

[Project Name] Project charter

Project manager: [Name]

Sponsor: [Name]

Date: [dd/mm/yyyy]

This charter serves to announce the initiation of the [project name] project. We are undertaking this project to [describe project purpose], as summarized below.

[Senior management/the project management board or committee/the sponsor] has selected [Project manager name] to lead this project.

This charter formally initiates this project and authorizes the project manager to act in that capacity on behalf of [senior management/the project management board or committee/the sponsor.]

Please provide your complete cooperation to the project and to [Project manager name].

Thank you.

[Signed by the sponsor (or senior management or the chairperson of the project management board or committee)]

PROJECT OVERVIEW

1. Project purpose or justification

• Problem statement
• Business need and benefits

2. Project objectives

• Project goals and objectives [i.e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound (SMART) objectives]

3. Project requirements

• High-level requirements, including applicable legal, corporate and other requirements
• Alignment to the organization’s vision, mission and objectives

4. Project description and overall deliverables

• High-level project description, including high-level project activities and product(s) or service(s) to be delivered
• Project organization and roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities, including project manager responsibilities and authorities

5. Project risks

• High-level description of project risks, barriers, and mitigation measures

6. Project Milestones

• Estimated schedule and project milestones

7. Project Budget

• Summary of the estimated costs and estimated internal and external resource requirements (number, person-hours and from which departments or organizations)

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====Annex II

Process maturity Assessment

This Annex provides guidance on assessing process maturity levels to assist in identifying gaps in the management system.

PROCESS MATURITY	PROCESS MATURITY LEVELS
RESULT AREAS	1 NOT PRESENT	2 AD HOC LEVEL	3 ACTIVITY LEVEL		4 PROCESS LEVEL	5 SYSTEM LEVEL
A	RESPONSIBLE PERSON /PROCESS OWNER	No responsible person and/or Process Owner appointed	Responsibilities are vague or assigned ad hoc.	A person responsible for the activities is in place who feels and acts responsibly for their own activities.	Process Owner is in place who feels and acts responsibly for the process results. The focus is on control but improvement is an ad hoc activity.	Process Owner is in place who feels and acts responsibly for the process results. There is cooperation between process owners and the focus is on continual improvement.
B	REQUIRED PERFORMANCE AND REPORTING	No standards or objectives identified.	Required performance is vague or defined ad hoc. Results are reported ad hoc.	Required performance standards are implicitly or partially known and defined at an activity level. Results are reported but not always in relation to the required results.	Process performance standards are defined, documented and communicated. Results are measured and reported against the standards.	Performance standards and targets are defined, documented and communicated for processes and the system as a whole. Process and system results are measured and reported against standards and targets.
C	COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS	Compliance requirements are unknown.	Compliance requirements are not well known. Compliance cannot be demonstrated.	Compliance requirements are implicitly or partially known. Compliance cannot be demonstrated.	Process compliance requirements are systematically identified, documented and communicated. Compliance is demonstrated, but improvement is an ad hoc activity.	Compliance requirements are systematically identified, documented and communicated for the whole system. Compliance is demonstrated. Continual improvement is demonstrated.
D	RISK CONTROL	Risks are unknown.	Ad hoc reaction to risks and incidents.	Operational risks are implicitly or partially known. There is some control of the operational risks.	Operational process risk are systematically identified, documented and communicated. Control is demonstrated. Improvement is an ad hoc activity.	Operational, tactical and strategic risks are systematically identified, documented and communicated. Control is demonstrated. Continual improvement is demonstrated.
E	STRUCTURE	No structure.	Ad hoc organization of activities.	Responsibilities are documented, e.g. job descriptions. Activities are organized by department.	Activities and responsibilities are structured on process lines. Processes are documented, up to date and communicated. Response to deviations is part of a process.	Processes are linked and form an integral structure. The system is documented, up to date and communicated. Response to deviations and continual improvement are integral parts of the system.
F	EXECUTION	No or ineffective execution of activities.	Ad hoc execution of activities.	Planned execution of activities. Reactive response to deviations.	Execution of the process as planned. Adequate response on deviations. Improvement is an ad hoc activity.	Execution of the process as planned. Pro-active and integral response to deviations. Pro-active and integral continual improvement.

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Annex III

Benchmarking organizational change

Benchmarking is a tool that organizations may use to develop an effective strategy for implementing a process based management system.

Benchmarking a given activity involves examining, understanding, and comparing an organization’s plans, practices, and performance against those of organizations that have done an exemplary job of carrying out that activity. Benchmarking can foster a successful outcome or support innovation and continual improvement. The concept can be applied to the changes that an organization needs to make when implementing a process based management system.

To successfully undertake benchmarking, an organization needs management commitment and a sound knowledge of its own corporate objectives, processes, and operating environment. The benchmarking exercise will require resources. It is the responsibility of senior management to allocate sufficient resources to undertake the exercise.

In addition, an organization needs to:

• Identify and fully understand the area(s) to be benchmarked;
• Understand possible benchmarking partners well enough to make a knowledgeable selection;
• Plan and prepare well for the benchmarking exercise;
• Agree and adhere to a code of conduct to minimize misunderstanding during the benchmarking (for example, there can be both planned and inadvertent exchanges of information that turn out to be operationally or organizationally sensitive);
• Judiciously collect and analyse information;
• Document benchmarking results, incorporate them into the implementation and organizational change plans and processes, and implement them.

When identifying the areas to benchmark, the organization should focus on areas or processes that are safety significant, strategically important, or need significant improvement. The organization should conduct an analysis of these areas or processes in order to determine if benchmarking would contribute to increased assurance of:

• a successful implementation;
• successful organizational change;
• significant benefits such as enhanced safety, process improvement, increased productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness.

The organization should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of benchmarking, the availability of performance indicators, and the probability of success of the benchmarking exercise before deciding to choose a given area for benchmarking.

Once the area to benchmark has been chosen, the organization should identify and choose potential benchmarking partners. The choice of benchmarking partner will depend on a number of factors and, depending on the type of benchmarking method chosen and the completeness and quality of information provided, visits to the chosen organizations may or may not be needed.

For implementation of a process based management system, consider benchmarking against organizations that have already implemented the IAEA GS-R-3 requirements to learn from the experience they have accumulated. The organization may also consider organizations that have implemented a process approach using other management system standards (e.g. based on ISO standards, and national or international business excellence models).

The structure of the processes and the manner of their description will vary from organization to organization. The structure and description depend on the standards adopted by the organization, its experience, primary activities, and organizational culture. All these aspects should be taken into consideration when choosing a partner for benchmarking.

When selecting a benchmarking partner for the implementation of a management system that conforms to the GS-R-3 requirements, the following aspects should be considered:

• Primary activities – it is preferable to select an organization with similar types of facilities and activities. Other high reliability organizations outside the nuclear industry (e.g. airline industry, oil and gas, pharmaceutical, chemical, etc.) may also provide useful benchmarking opportunities.
• Organizational type and structure – the benchmarking partner’s organization should be similar and the organizational level at which the benchmarking is done should be equivalent: e.g. corporate, subsidiary, private company, etc.
• Location – considering the cost of benchmarking, selecting a partner from the same area or region is normally more cost effective.
• Performance of the organization – the benchmarking partner should be an organization with high performance. However, it is also important not to neglect organizations that have had difficulties in implementation, in order to learn from them and to avoid repeating the same types of mistakes.

Fig. 10 illustrates other factors to consider when choosing organizations against which to benchmark and conducting the benchmarking. Reference 22 gives additional guidance for benchmarking.

The data collected during the benchmarking exercise should be analysed using various methods to identify best practices, methods, and factors that enable the organization to be a top performer in the benchmarked area. The differences in practices, including organizational culture, between the organization doing the benchmarking and those of its benchmarking partner should be well understood to enable the organization contemplating the implementation or organizational change to make the necessary adjustments in its own facilities.

The organization should use the results of the benchmarking to develop strategies to address performance gaps, taking into account the size of the gap; the potential safety, productivity, efficiency and effectiveness improvement that will result from addressing the gap; the cost-effectiveness of implementing the strategies to close the gap and the success factors for closing the gap. This should be done as part of the overall gap analysis for implementation of the new management system so that results of the benchmarking are integrated into the overall Implementation Plan.

The organization conducting the benchmarking should communicate the results of the benchmarking internally to all relevant stakeholders, and externally to the benchmarking partner.

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FIG. 10. Example of a benchmarking approach

Risk Management

Implementation of a process based management system is not a trivial undertaking. Many challenges will be encountered along the way. The organization should conduct a thorough project risk analysis, evaluate various measures to avoid or mitigate the identified risks, and factor these into the project planning for the implementation or organizational change.

The identified risks may stem from a number of sources and may be of many types, including those relating to health, safety, environment, security, quality, economics, operational performance, legal and/or licence condition compliance, economic or commercial performance, technical capability, stakeholder satisfaction, public or stakeholder perception and confidence, and social and political considerations. IAEA TECDOC 1209 [23] provides examples of risk management.

For risk management a systematic approach to identifying potential risks, looking specifically at the area in which the risk is identified, but also looking at the intersection with the other areas is the best way to avoid or overcome risks. The idea is to try to identify all of the possible consequences and the probability of occurrence, in order to find an optimal decision set to minimize adverse effects and maximize social and organizational objectives in a cost-efficient manner. A risk management framework providing this systematic approach is shown in Fig. 11.

Monitor effectiveness of solutions

Identify techniques/ strategies to manage risks Reduce risk Retain risk Transfer risk

2

4

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 17.png

FIG. 11. Risk Management Framework for any proposed action.

The development team and senior management should be aware of the attendant risks and maintain a prioritized risk register specifying the risks, their likelihood, their impact on the project, and the measures the organization will take to mitigate the risks.

Many of the risks or challenges will stem from the cultural issues associated with any organizational change. Implementation of a process based management system requires a shift in thinking and organizational culture. Focus shifts to process ownership, process performance, and the satisfaction of process requirements and needs of the customers of the process, as well as greater emphasis on matrix management approaches. Training should be provided to management and staff to raise their awareness and sensitivity to these shifts.

In addition to maintaining a strong safety culture and flexibility, the development team and senior management should:

• Understand the potential consequences of ineffective implementation;
• Understand and appreciate that the implementation or organizational changes will not be achieved overnight – a transition period is required, along with long-term commitment to the change. Experience shows that the overall implementation time is often 18-24 months. The organization should think through what transition structures, activities and contingencies or interventions it will need to put in place during the implementation period to ensure success. Management should use effective intervention, participation, facilitation, and firm leadership strategies to manage project risks and cultural or other implementation issues.
• Understand that implementation requires consistent leadership by senior management and involvement of all staff. There will be uncertainties that can lead to project challenges, including cost overruns, which may stall or challenge the progress of the implementation. Senior management should be prepared to provide the necessary resources and leadership to overcome these challenges.
• Understand the importance of leading by example, and the need to encourage all levels of the organization to support the implementation project. Senior management and the core project team should challenge the organization to be the best it can be. The organization should be challenged to be at the forefront in terms of international best practice.
• Understand the importance of communicating the benefits and successes but also the challenges associated with implementation. Stakeholders should be continually informed of progress, anticipated benefits of the new management system, and its potential to enhance safety and performance.

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Communication

It is important to present the intentions of the organization, to explain the reason for the change, how it affects stakeholder interests and activities, and how they will be kept informed.

The transition to or the development and implementation of a process based management system needs to be well communicated both within and outside the organization. As soon as the scope and time lines are clearly defined, and commitment of senior management has been obtained, the plans, timelines, benefits and transition team structure should be communicated. During the transition, or development and implementation process, regular communication to the staff is necessary in order to engage them and reduce uncertainty and resistance. During these communication "stages" the successes, challenges, and evolution of the project and staff involvement in the next phase should be explained. It is also important for the project to communicate successes as part of the communication strategy.

For organizations with corporate stakeholders, especially those who build or operate nuclear plants, it is important that the new approach aligns with the corporate policies and strategic development plans (if any). Corporate offices are key stakeholders, since they provide policies that govern the organization. The level of consultation and involvement of other stakeholders depends on their importance to the organization. This implies a graded approach to involvement and consultation, as follows:

• Obtaining agreement – when required by law or regulations, e.g. regulatory bodies;
• Direct involvement in development of the management system – if the stakeholders are part of the organization, e.g. corporate/headquarters, staff, etc.
• Informing – when changes in the management system affect interfaces with other organizations, e.g. government agencies, suppliers, etc.

Communication vehicles could be, but are not limited to:

• Intranet for actual status, e.g. updated on a weekly basis;
• Bulletin boards for highlights, successes, benefits, e.g. monthly updates;
• Leaflets or newsletters for introduction of the change plan, introduction of team members, main milestone planning, successes, challenges, and staff involvement;
• Email, as appropriate.

Examples of Process Models

File:D1 Implementation of a Process-based Mgmt System 18.png

FIG. 12. Example of a process model from a nuclear power.

FIG. 13. Example of a process model from a regulatory body.

1. Management responsibility Management reporting Management system administration Organization structure Management review Licenses, occupational health and safety assessment Safety related organizational changes

3. Implementation Quotation management Project management Numerical calculations Purchasing and receipt of goods Preparation of reports Calibration of measuring devices Incoming and outgoing correspondence Archiving

2. Management of personnel and resources Recruitment, selection and appointment Performance, assessment and training Software and code administration Operation of installations and laboratories Health, safety, and environmental aspects for projects Health, safety and environmental aspects of operations Waste management Reporting and handling (potential) unsafe situation Handling and reporting accidents and/or emergencies Reactor Safety Committee assessments of safety relevant operations Employing temporary workers/out-sourcing Administration and maintenance of equipment and installations

4. Improvement cycle Internal audits Complaints and product non-conformances Improvement proposals Feed-back of operational experiences

FIG. 14. Example of processes based on ISO 9001.

Example Top level Process Description Template

PM-00660-DM-4 Assess and Improve Performance

Process identifier and name: DM-4 Assess and Improve Performance	Process reference: PRR-00660-DM-4 Assess and Improve Performance	Process category: Executive
This process applies to: All process and activities at Point Lepreau Generating Station (PLGS). The process includes assessments, cause investigations, the use of Operating Experience, and corrective action management.
The business need for this process is to: Measure performance against management, regulatory, and industry standards and expectations in order to correct problems and identify areas for improvement.
The process includes the following key activities: Perform ongoing monitoring Perform focused self-assessments Perform independent assessments Use and share Operating Experience Document performance problems Screen performance problems Identify and review trends from Condition Reports Determine causes and propose actions Track actions to completion
The following key groups carry out the process and shall have input to changes to the process: PLGS Management Team
Major inputs: Performance standards and expectations for each process Performance indicators Management, Corporate, or Regulatory requests for assessments Industry Operating Experience	Supplied by: Management Process Owners Regulators, Management Industry
Major outputs: Event investigation reports Assessment reports Proposed improvement or corrective actions PLGS Operating Experience	Customers: Regulators, Industry, and Management Management Management Industry, Management, and personnel at PLGS
Key Performance Indicators: To be determined
Key interacting processes: All processes
Process Owner (title): Performance Improvement Manager	Responsible Manager (title): Station Manager

FIG. 15. Example of a process description.

The flowchart in Fig. 15 describes the Assess and Improve Performance process as defined in the template of Fig. 14. The numbers (e.g., SI-A62) in the activity blocks refer to lower level documents that support detailed implementation.

FIG. 16. Sample Process Flowchart (DM-4, Assess and improve performance).

Example Process Document Hierarchy

This Annex shows current and future state diagrams of a document hierarchy for the process Assess and Improve Performance identified in Fig. 12 of Annex 6 and described in Annex 7. Fig. 17 identifies what needs to happen with each document in the current state. Fig. 18 shows the future-state hierarchy for the same process. During development, the list of documents on Fig. 18 is subject to change as new information arises from the development of this and related processes. Such figures are updated as needed.

FIG. 17. Example of a document hierarchy for a Level 1 process before the implementation.

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FIG. 18. Example of a document hierarchy for a Level 1 process after the implementation.

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Example of DOCUMENT Administration Process

This Annex provides an example of a process for controlling management system documents. IAEA Safety Series Report 75 [24] provides more examples of processes.

FIG. 19. Management system administration.

Example of implementation schedule

Table 2 provides an example of a two-year implementation schedule where:

• PL is the Project Leader responsible for preparation of corporate documents;
• DM is the Department Manager responsible for preparation of departmental procedures and documents;
• PS is the project sponsor appointed by senior management;
• SG is a steering group appointed by senior management;
• SM is senior management:

M1 signifies Month 1, etc. The project plan associated with the schedule included a series of audits at the various stages of implementation. A section on certification is also included in the schedule.

TABLE 2: EXAMPLE OF AN IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Action	Responsible	Compl. Date	Approval
			By	Date<ref>M6+xx: Start date is month M6 and completion date is xx weeks after M6. </ref>
Appointment of Project Leader (PL)	SM
Preparation of project charter	PL	M1	SM	M1+1
Proposal of project team members	PL	M2	SM	M2+1
Appointment of project team members	DM	M3
Installation of project sponsor (PS) and Steering Group (SG)	SM	M4
Preparation of overall time schedule	PL
Description of tasks and responsibilities of project team and tasks and responsibilities of Department Heads in the implementation project	PL		SM
Preparation of communication plan	PL		SM
Implementation of communication plan	PL	EoP<ref>EoP: End of Project</ref>	PS/SG
Overview of requirements (e.g. Nuclear/ environmental/conventional safety/ ISO)	PL		PS/SG
Review of requirements	PL		PS/SG
Proposal for lay-out of procedures/ documents/ checkouts/ form sheets	PL		PS/SG
Preparation of distribution list and distribution method for corporate and local documents	PL		PS/SG
Proposed selection of the certification body, if required	PL		SM
Completion of the project plan	PL
Review and approval of project plan	PS/SG		SM
Kick-off meeting with senior management team, Department Heads with presentation of action-plan, required resources	SM
Tasks and responsibilities of all involved managers to obtain full commitment	SM		SM
Identification of corporate procedures to be developed	PL		PS/SG	M5
Identification of supporting documents to be developed	PL		PS/SG	M6
Preparation of procedures for drafting/ review/approval/control of MS documentation	PL	M6+xx	PS/SG	M7
Identification of corporate procedures/ documents already available	PL	M7+xx		M8
Review and adaptation of available procedures	PL	M8+xx	PS/SG	M9
Preparation and review of new corporate procedures	PL	M9+xx	PS/SG	M10
Preparation and review of management system manual	PL	M10++	SM	M11
Training of employees on corporate docs	PL	M11+xx
Appointment of internal auditors	PL	M5+	PS/SG	M12
Internal auditor training	PL	M12+xx		M13
1st Internal audit campaign on corporate procedures	PL	M13	PS/SG	M14
Identification of local procedures /instructions check-outs/form sheets already available	DM<ref>DM: Department Manager who is responsible for preparation of departmental procedures and documents in this example.</ref>	M5+xx		M15
Identification of local procedures /docs to be prepared	DM	M15+xx		M16
Review and adaptation of available local procedures/ documents	DM	M16+xx		M17
Preparation and review of new departmental procedures	DM	M17+		M18
1st Internal audit campaign on departmental procedures/ documents	PL	M18+xx	PS/SG	M19
External review by IAEA or certification body could be considered	PS/SG		SM
Adaptation/review and approval of corporate documents	PL
2nd internal audit campaign on corporate procedures/docs	PL	M20+xx	PS/SG	M21
Adaptation/review and approval of local documents	DM	M19+xx		M22
2nd Internal audit campaign on local procedures/documents	PL	M22+xx	PS/SG	M23
Certification steps
Definition of certification scope	PL	M5+	SM
Document review by external certification body	PL	M24+xx		M25
Adaptation of corporate procedures after 2nd audit campaign and after document review by certification body	PL	M25+xx		M26
3rd internal audit campaign on corporate procedures/documents	Pl	M22+xx	SG	M27
Adaptation of local procedures after document review by certification body	DM	M25+xx		M28
3rd Internal audit campaign on local procedures/documents	PL	M25+xx	PS/SG	M29
Ext. review by IAEA could be considered	PS/SG		SM
Pre-certification audit if applicable	Certif. Body	M29+xx		M30
Adaptation/review and approval of corporate documents	PL	M30+xx		M31
Adaptation/review and approval of departmental documents	DM	M30+xx		M32
Certification audit if applicable	Certif. Body	M32+xx		M33

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CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

Abuseini, H.	Jordan Atomic Energy Commission, Jordan
Aoki, K. Y.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Boer, A.M.	EPZ, Netherlands
Boogaard, J.P.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Brissette, S.	Bruce Power, Canada
Bukulmez, I.	Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Turkey
Bursic, A.	Gen Energija d.o.o., Slovenia
Eriksson, A.	Vattenfall, Sweden
Florescu, N.	SNN-CNE Cernavoda, Romania
Gest, P.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Haage, M.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Juhn, P.E.	TuvSud Korea, Republic of Korea
Lotko, P.	PGE S.A., Poland
Majola, J.	Gennessys Corporation, Canada
Malkhasyan, H.	Armenian NPP, Armenia and Worley Parsons, Bulgaria
McCullough, R.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Murafa, M.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Nguyen, M.H.	Ninh Tkhuan Nuclear Power Project Management Board, Vietnam
Paciga, J.J.	Intelligent Organizational Systems, Canada
Pasztory, Z.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Roeschlova, J.	International Atomic Energy Agency
Schouwenburg, M.	Reactor Institute Delft, Netherlands
Skiba, T.	Candu Energy Inc., Canada
Slokan Dusic, D.	Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration, Slovenia
Somina, L. Ms	SSE Chernobyl NPP, Ukraine
Stapleton, S.J.	Magnox Support Office, United Kingdom
Steinke J. Ms	AECL, Canada
Woodworth, W.	NB Power Nuclear, Canada

Consultants Meetings

Vienna, Austria: 30 August – 6 September 2010; 7 – 11 March 2011; 25 – 29 July 2011; 23 - 27 July 2012

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