Difference between revisions of "Knowledge"

From NKM WIKIDOC
Jump to: navigation, search
(→‎Related articles)
 
(128 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{Monica}}
+
<!--
 +
{{JohnD}}
  
−
{{Ugo}}
+
{{Tidy3}},
  
−
{{Andrey}}
+
{{Consolidation stage}},
−
{{Anatoly}}
+
−
{{Csaba}}
+
−
 
+
−
{{Tidy1}}
+
−
 
+
−
{{Clustering stage}},
+
  
 
{{Priority}},
 
{{Priority}},
  
−
{{Foundation}},
+
{{Foundation}}
  
−
{{Pages}}
 
  
−
==Definition==
 
−
{{PAGENAME}} is {{ {{PAGENAME}} }}
 
−
'''Source:''' [[Knowledge Management for Nuclear Industry Operating Organizations]]
 
  
−
{{PAGENAME}} is {{ {{PAGENAME}} 2 }}
 
−
'''Source: ''' [[Planning and Execution of Knowledge Management Assist Missions for Nuclear Organizations]]
 
  
−
{{PAGENAME}} is {{ {{PAGENAME}} 4 }}
+
:''For the HR paradigm definition of Knowledge see [[Knowledge (HR)]]''
−
'''Source: ''' [[Nuclear engineering education: A competence-based approach in curricula development]]
+
-->
  
−
{{PAGENAME}} is {{ {{PAGENAME}} 5 }}
+
==Definition==
−
'''Source: ''' [[Nuclear engineering education: A competence-based approach in curricula development]]
+
{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}
  
−
==Summary==
+
<i>Note1:</i> Knowledge is a combination of ‘knowing facts’ about and ‘knowing how’ to do something. It refers to a body of facts and principles accumulated by humankind over the course of time. It is distinct from information as knowledge is information that has a purpose or use. Data leads to information and information leads to knowledge. Knowledge confers a capacity for effective action.
−
Knowledge is often used to refer to a body of facts and principles accumulated by humankind over the course of time. [[Explicit knowledge]] is knowledge that can be easily expressed in documents. Implicit knowledge and [[Tacit knowledge|tacit knowledge]] represent knowledge or [[Know-how|know-how]] that individuals hold in their memory. Explicit knowledge is contained in documents, drawings, calculations, designs, databases, procedures and manuals. [[Implicit knowledge]] and tacit knowledge are held in a person’s mind and have typically not been [[Capture|captured]] or [[Transfer|transferred]] in any form (if they had, they would then become explicit knowledge). Compared with explicit knowledge, such knowledge is more difficult to articulate or to write down and so it tends to be shared between people through discussion and personal interaction. It includes skills, experiences, insight, intuition and judgement.
+
  
−
'''Source:'''[[Knowledge Management for Nuclear Industry Operating Organizations]]
+
<i>Note2:</i> The draft version of ISO 9001E 2014 defines knowledge as available collection of information (3.50) being a justified belief and having a high certainty to be true.
  
 
==Description==
 
==Description==
−
Since the time of the earliest philosophers men and women have attempted to both understand and define the concept of knowledge. There is no generic form of words that can adequately express what we understand to be knowledge. However, the following definition [5] can be offered as one that meets the needs of this report:
+
[[File:Definitions of knowledge.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Table 1. Definitions of knowledge]]
−
“Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates in the minds of knowers. In organizations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents or repositories but also in organizational routines, processes, practices, and norms.”
+
Since the time of the earliest philosophers men and women have attempted to both understand and define the concept of knowledge, however, no single definition of knowledge exists that has been generally agreed upon.
−
It is very difficult, in a publication about the management of radioactive waste knowledge, to use specific terminology in an absolutely accurate and consistent way where the subject (the knowledge) can be framed in so many ways. Figure 1 shows how knowledge is created.  
+
  
−
[[File:Information-knowledge.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Fig 1. The relationship of information and knowledge]]
+
The many aspects of this fundamental topic are well covered in the Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge).
  
−
Reference will be made in this report to ‘[[Contextual information|contextual information]]’.
+
Table 1 shows some of the definitions:
  
−
The IAEA has compiled a glossary of knowledge management terms [7] that are particularly applicable in the nuclear sector. The following sections contain brief descriptions of the important terms, as used in this report. The aim here is achieve consistency within this report.
+
For example from this table we can see that Davenport and Prusak define knowledge as, "a fluid mix of framed experience, contextual information, values and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information." Knowledge by this definition therefore includes skills [1]. In the HR paradigm, there is a different definition of knowledge used by HR professionals that excludes skills from the definition of knowledge.
  
−
=== Knowledge types ===
+
Knowledge has many dimensions:  
−
When reading this report, knowledge should be thought of as not just documented information but also undocumented personal insight, experience and skills. Thus, knowledge extends beyond pure information, because it includes the means for understanding and interpreting it in the way intended by the person who created it.
+
−
There are three different types of knowledge to which reference is often made: explicit, implicit and tacit. These are briefly discussed below — further information can be found in the NKM Glossary (see Ref. [7]) and related IAEA guidance [8].
+
  
−
==== [[Explicit knowledge]] ====
+
In the same way that an automotive vehicle may be described in terms of many dimensions such as:
−
==== [[Implicit knowledge]] ====
+
# Materials: Metal, Rubber, Glass etc.
−
==== [[Tacit knowledge]]    ====
+
# Components: Wheels, Engine, Passenger compartment, etc.
 +
# Colours : Black, Red, Grey etc.
  
−
'''Source:''' [[Knowledge management for radioactive waste management organisations]]
+
So also can Knowledge be described in terms of a number of different dimensions such as:
 +
# Domains – technical, organisational, societal etc.
 +
# States – Explicit, implicit, tacit etc.
 +
# Levels – Know-why, know-how, know-what etc.
 +
# Representations – Documents, models, pictures etc.
 +
# Categories – Good practices, lessons, standards etc.
 +
# Artefacts – Buildings, tools, equipment, etc.
  
−
==Description==
 
−
Before any meaningful discussion about [[Preservation|KP]] can be undertaken, it is important to first clarify what is meant by
 
−
‘knowledge’. Many definitions of the term are used in literature, but they do not all agree. Fig 1 [2–7] provides
 
−
some of the more widely cited definitions found.
 
  
−
[[File:Definitions of knowledge.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Fig 1. Definitions of knowledge]]
+
'''Knowledge models:'''
  
−
In general, academics agree there are three different types of knowledge: explicit, implicit and tacit.  
+
Many knowledge exist that refer to these different dimensions. Knowledge models are described in [[Knowledge model | this article]].
  
−
===[[Explicit knowledge]]===
+
<!--  content integrated into the articel "Knowledge Model"
−
===[[Implicit knowledge]] ===
+
====Know-why,know-how,know-what knowledge model====
−
=== [[Tacit knowledge]] ===
+
=====Description=====
 +
[[File:WWW.png|thumb|right|500px|Fig. 1. Know-why,know-how,know-what knowledge model]]
  
−
===Knowledge===
+
[[Know-how]] usually refers to {{Know-how}}This means {{Skill}}[[Know-what]] is {{Know-what}} [[Know-why]] refers to {{Know-why}}.
−
In this report, knowledge is defined to include [[Tacit knowledge|tacit]], [[Implicit knowledge|implicit]] and [[Explicit knowledge|explicit knowledge]], meaning it encompasses
+
−
everything from technical information laid down on paper or in electronic media to insights or capabilities and
+
−
skills embodied in people. Knowledge then clearly extends beyond just [[Information|information]]. It includes the expertise
+
−
required to turn raw data or information into understanding (i.e. the ability to find a meaningful interpretation of
+
−
relevant issues using information). Knowledge may be applied for such purposes as problem solving and learning;
+
−
forming judgments and opinions; decision making, forecasting and strategic planning; and generating feasible
+
−
options for action so that action can be taken to achieve desired results. Knowledge also protects intellectual assets
+
−
from decay, augments intelligence and provides increased flexibility.
+
  
−
'''Source:''' [[Comparative Analysis of Methods and Tools for Nuclear Knowledge Preservation]]
+
=====Example=====
 +
A simple example to illustrate this is the need for different types of knowledge when jumping into deep water. Know-how is the ability to swim, know-what is knowing what arm and leg actions are required as they may be presented in a written instruction manual on swimming. Know-why may include an understanding of Archimede's principle and Newton's third law.
 +
=====Practical application in KM=====
 +
This model can be extended to include other aspects of knowledge. As well as know-how, know-why, know-what, we can add know-who, know-when, know-where. This is a useful model for knowledge [[Retention|retention]] and [[Transfer|transfer]] leading to the employment of practical tools for [[Elicit|eliciting]] and [[Capture|capturing]] knowledge. For example a [[Personal network map]] is one example of a tool used for transfering know-who, know-when and know-where.
  
−
==Description==
+
====Proficiency, codification, diffusion model====
−
Knowledge can be challenging to define as it involves complex relationships between [[Data|data]] and [[Information|information]], and also in the methods and environment with which it is processed and applied by humans. The definition of knowledge used by the IAEA is as follows:
+
=====Description=====
 +
Knowledge has three attributes whose values can be managed by knowledge management. These three attributes are:
 +
# level of proficiency (P)
 +
# level of codification (C)
 +
# level of diffusion (D)
 +
[[Proficiency]] refers to how much of a particular [[Capability|capability]] a person or team has. It is the degree of mastery of a [[Skill|skill]] or area of knowledge.
 +
[[Codification]] refers to the transformation of knowledge into a human-readable format.
 +
[[Diffusion]] refers to the number of people who hold knowledge in any given area and the means to spread that knowledge.
 +
=====Example=====
 +
=====Practical application in KM=====
  
−
The [[Acquisition|acquiring]], understanding and interpreting of information. Knowledge is often used to refer to a body of facts and principles accumulated by humankind over the course of time.  
+
====Domains knowledge model====
 +
=====Description=====
 +
[[File:KD.png|thumb|right|500px|Fig. 2. Domains knowledge model]]
 +
All knowledge can be subdivided onto knowledge domains. Each is the content of a particular field  or area of knowledge. In knowledge management domains are often defined by the scope of [[Communities of practice]], [[Taxonomy|taxonomies]] or [[Educational courses]] and are useful subdivisions of knowledge into which to organise knowledge repositories.
 +
=====Example=====
 +
At a macro scale, examples of domains might be Chemistry, Physics, Biology or at a smaller scale the domain of Physics may be subdivided into many more domains such as Classical Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics, Optics, Thermodynamics etc. A list of nuclear knowledge domains can be found in [[List of nuclear knowledge domains]].
 +
=====Practical application in KM=====
 +
Practical tools for managing domains include [[Ontology|ontolgies]] which describe knowledge of a specific domain through concepts in their relation to other concepts.
  
−
===[[Explicit knowledge]]===
+
===Explicit,implicit,tacit knowledge model===
−
===[[Implicit knowledge]]===
+
=====Description=====
−
===[[Tacit knowledge]]===
+
[[File:Knowledge-Iceberg-Model.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Fig 3. The Iceberg model of tacit and explicit knowledge]]
 +
It is useful to identify three types of knowledge: [[Explicit knowledge |Explicit]], [[Tacit knowledge |tacit]] and [[Implicit knowledge |implicit]]. Each requires different approaches to its management. The model is often illustrated with reference to an iceberg (Fig. 3.)
 +
* [[Explicit knowledge |Explicit]] is {{Explicit knowledge}}
 +
* [[Implicit knowledge |Implicit]] is {{Implicit knowledge}}
 +
* [[Tacit knowledge |Tacit]] is {{Tacit knowledge}}
  
−
In this document, knowledge is considered to include everything from explicit knowledge, or technical information that is documented on paper or electronic media, to tacit knowledge, which includes insights, capabilities and skills embodied in people.  
+
=====Example=====
 +
Much of what can be descirbe for the swimming example above under the "know-why,know-how,know-what" model can also be said of this model, where Tacit knowledge is broadly equivalent to know-how and explicit knowledge is equivalent to know-what.
  
−
Knowledge is distinct from [[Data|data]] and [[Information|Information]] in the sense that data leads to information and information leads to knowledge. Knowledge includes the expertise required to turn raw information into an understanding of the relevant issues and provide a meaning to the information. In practical terms, knowledge confers a capacity for effective action.
+
=====Practical application in KM=====
−
 
+
A corollary to the model is that usually only part of the explicit knowledge is codified and thus represents an opportunity for knowledge [[Capture|capture]].
−
'''Source''' [[Guide on nuclear knowledge management]]
+
-->
−
 
+
−
==Description==
+
−
Knowledge is distinct from [[Information|information]] as knowledge is information that has a
+
−
purpose or use. Data leads to information and information leads to knowledge. Knowledge
+
−
confers a capacity for effective action.
+
−
 
+
−
Knowledge may be applied to such purposes as problem solving and [[Learning|learning]], forming
+
−
judgments and opinions; decision making, forecasting and strategic planning; generating
+
−
feasible options for action and taking actions to achieve desired results. Knowledge also
+
−
protects intellectual assets from decay, augments intelligence and provides increased
+
−
flexibility.
+
−
 
+
−
===[[Explicit knowledge]]===
+
−
 
+
−
===[[Implicit knowledge]]===
+
−
 
+
−
===[[Tacit knowledge]]===
+
−
 
+
−
'''Source: ''' [[Planning and Execution of Knowledge Management Assist Missions for Nuclear Organizations]]
+
−
 
+
−
==Description==
+
−
The description of the [[Knowledge|knowledge]] covers in a structured way the documentation/writing, verification and validation of the [[Information|information]]. In the phase of description the designated users of the knowledge have to be defined together with the levels of access to the data.
+
−
There are several procedures methods, IT tools, templates supporting description [related docs:  ]
+
−
Organizational and individual responsibilities regarding description tasks should be clearly stated and well defined.
+
−
 
+
−
==Description==
+
−
Knowledge exists in different forms and at different levels in an organization.
+
−
 
+
−
===[[Tacit knowledge]]===
+
−
 
+
−
===[[Explicit knowledge]]===
+
−
 
+
−
It is important to recognize knowledge in organizations exists at an individual level, at a
+
−
group level, at a department level, and at an organizational level. Further, the level of
+
−
abstraction and form of knowledge may range from detailed facts, to organized information,
+
−
to interpretations and analysis, to conceptualizations, to theoretical models, or even wisdom.
+
−
Knowledge can be considered a resource (i.e. an input), it may be embedded in work methods
+
−
(i.e. part of a process) or it can be a product (i.e. an output). Knowledge may often be time
+
−
dependent or contextual, and must be maintained and renewed.
+
−
 
+
−
'''Source:''' [[Impact of Knowledge Management Practices on NPP Organizational Performance – Results of Global Survey]]
+
−
 
+
−
==Description==
+
−
KM recognises two main categories or modes of knowledge:
+
−
* [[Explicit knowledge]]
+
−
* [[Tacit knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
'''Source:''' [[National approaches and strategies for Nuclear Knowledge Management]]
+
−
 
+
−
==Description==
+
−
There are three different types of knowledge: [[Explicit knowledge|explicit]], [[Implicit knowledge|implicit]] and [[Tacit knowledge|tacit knowledge]].
+
−
[[File:ExplicitImplicitTacit.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Fig. 5. Explicit, implicit and tacit knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
===[[Explicit knowledge]]===
+
−
===[[Implicit knowledge]]===
+
−
===[[Tacit knowledge]]===
+
−
 
+
−
These three types of knowledge — explicit, implicit and tacit — can be depicted using a
+
−
diamond model (see Fig. 5). The top half of the diamond represents explicit knowledge — or
+
−
conscious level knowledge — which has either already been codified or could be codified.
+
−
The bottom half of the diamond represents unconscious knowledge — both implicit
+
−
knowledge and tacit knowledge. The former can be codified if brought to the conscious level.
+
−
However, the latter cannot be codified directly because it is at the deep-unconscious level.
+
−
This model helps to demonstrate how important it is to coax departing workers to focus on the totality of their respective job experiences in order to move tacit knowledge to implicit
+
−
knowledge and implicit knowledge to explicit knowledge that can be codified. [2]
+
−
 
+
−
'''Source:''' [[Knowledge Management for Nuclear Industry Operating Organizations]]
+
−
 
+
−
==Description==
+
−
* The term knowledge is often used to refer to bodies of facts and principles accumulated by humankind over the course of time. Explicit knowledge is knowledge that is contained in, for example, documents, drawings, calculations, designs, databases, procedures and manuals. Tacit knowledge is knowledge that is held in a person’s mind and has typically not been captured or transferred in any form (if it were, it would then become explicit knowledge).
+
−
 
+
−
* Knowledge is distinct from [[Information|information]]: [[Data|data]] yield information and knowledge is gained by [[Acquisition|acquiring]], understanding and interpreting information. Knowledge and information each consist of true statements, but knowledge serves a purpose: knowledge confers a capacity for effective action.
+
−
 
+
−
* Knowledge for an organization is the acquiring, understanding and interpreting of information. Knowledge may be applied for such purposes as: problem solving and learning; forming judgements and opinions; decision making, forecasting and strategic planning; generating feasible options for action and taking actions to achieve desired results. Knowledge also protects intellectual assets from decay, augments intelligence and provides increased flexibility.
+
−
 
+
−
'''Source: ''' [[Safety Glossary 2007 Edition]]
+
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
  
−
[2] This discussion of the three different types of knowledge derives from a presentation developed by KURONEN T. of the
+
[1] DAVENPORT, T.H., PRUSAK, L., Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA (2000).
−
BIT Research Center, Helsinki University of Technology entitled “What is tacit knowledge in NPP maintenance and what are
+
−
the prerequisites for sharing it?” It was presented to the CSNI International Workshop, Ottawa, Canada, 3-5 October 2005.
+
  
−
[5] DAVENPORT, T.H., PRUSAK, L., Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA (2000).
 
  
−
[6] INTERNATION COUNCIL ON ARCHIVES, Radioactive Waste Information: Meeting Our Obligations to Future Generations with Regard to Safety of Waste Disposal Facilities, ICA Study 18, ICA, Paris (2006).
+
==Related articles==
  
−
[7] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Planning and Execution of Knowledge Management Assist missions for Nuclear Organizations, IAEA-TECDOC-1586, IAEA, Vienna (2008).
+
[[Data]]
  
−
[8] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Knowledge Management for Nuclear Industry Operating Organizations, IAEA-TECDOC-1510, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
+
[[Information]]
−
 
+
−
==Related articles==
+
−
 
+
−
[[Nuclear knowledge]]
+
  
 
[[Tacit knowledge]]
 
[[Tacit knowledge]]
Line 196: Line 118:
 
[[Explicit knowledge]]
 
[[Explicit knowledge]]
  
−
[[Knowledge as power]]
+
[[Knowledge lifecycle]]
−
 
+
−
[[Knowledge base]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Knowledge loss]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Latent knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Latent legacy knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Radioactive waste knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Undocumented knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Knowledge processes]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Critical knowledge]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Contextual information]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Information]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Data]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Knowledge asset]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Human assets]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Intellectual property]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Intellectual capital]]
+
−
 
+
−
[[Intangible assets]]
+
  
−
[[Development of nuclear knowledge]]
+
[[Template:Know-why |Know-why]]
  
−
[[Historical development of nuclear knowledge]]
+
[[Template:Know-how |Know-how]]
  
−
[[Current status of nuclear knowledge]]
+
[[Template:Know-what |Know-what]]
  
−
[[Nuclear organizations and nuclear knowledge]]
 
  
 
[[Category:Knowledge]]
 
[[Category:Knowledge]]
−
[[Category:Knowledge processes]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:53, 7 March 2016


Definition

A mix of experiences, values, contextual information and expert insight for acquiring, understanding and interpreting information. Together with attitudes and skills, it forms a capacity for effective actions.

Note1: Knowledge is a combination of ‘knowing facts’ about and ‘knowing how’ to do something. It refers to a body of facts and principles accumulated by humankind over the course of time. It is distinct from information as knowledge is information that has a purpose or use. Data leads to information and information leads to knowledge. Knowledge confers a capacity for effective action.

Note2: The draft version of ISO 9001E 2014 defines knowledge as available collection of information (3.50) being a justified belief and having a high certainty to be true.

Description

Table 1. Definitions of knowledge

Since the time of the earliest philosophers men and women have attempted to both understand and define the concept of knowledge, however, no single definition of knowledge exists that has been generally agreed upon.

The many aspects of this fundamental topic are well covered in the Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge).

Table 1 shows some of the definitions:

For example from this table we can see that Davenport and Prusak define knowledge as, "a fluid mix of framed experience, contextual information, values and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information." Knowledge by this definition therefore includes skills [1]. In the HR paradigm, there is a different definition of knowledge used by HR professionals that excludes skills from the definition of knowledge.

Knowledge has many dimensions:

In the same way that an automotive vehicle may be described in terms of many dimensions such as:

  1. Materials: Metal, Rubber, Glass etc.
  2. Components: Wheels, Engine, Passenger compartment, etc.
  3. Colours : Black, Red, Grey etc.

So also can Knowledge be described in terms of a number of different dimensions such as:

  1. Domains – technical, organisational, societal etc.
  2. States – Explicit, implicit, tacit etc.
  3. Levels – Know-why, know-how, know-what etc.
  4. Representations – Documents, models, pictures etc.
  5. Categories – Good practices, lessons, standards etc.
  6. Artefacts – Buildings, tools, equipment, etc.


Knowledge models:

Many knowledge exist that refer to these different dimensions. Knowledge models are described in this article.


References

[1] DAVENPORT, T.H., PRUSAK, L., Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA (2000).


Related articles

Data

Information

Tacit knowledge

Implicit knowledge

Explicit knowledge

Knowledge lifecycle

Know-why

Know-how

Know-what

Retrieved from "http://wiki-nkm.iaea.org/wiki/index.php?title=Knowledge&oldid=16559"